Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/237

PADUA. of Saint Anthony, has three fine mural paint- ings by Titian. Tlip chapel San Giorgio near In' has numerous excellent frescoes by Alticliieri and .J. Avanzi. Among the objects of interest in the city is Dante's house, in front of which is an ancient tomb, containing, according to tra- dition, the ashes of Antenor, the legendary found- er of Padua.

On the Via dei Servi, the main business street, stands the university (q.v. ), far famed as a seat of learning in mediicval times. It occupies an edifice known as II BQ, distinguished by a court with attractive colonnades. Padua has a celebrated cafe, the Pedrocchi, almost entirely of marble, with noble halls and columns, the scene of student uprisings against the Austrians. The municipal nuiseuni, in a buiUling reconstructed in the latter part of the nineteenth century!)y Boito, has an attractive facade, and contains the city library (110,000 volumes), the picture gal- lery, archives, and an interesting monument of the Volumnii. The picture gallery is not im- portant. Its best work is Ronumino's Madonna — an altar piece. In the southern part of the city lies the spacious Piazza Vittorio Enianuele, beautified with trees and embellished with the statues of eighty-two celebrated persons who have been associated with the city. Some of the marbles are by Canova. The piazza is the lively scene of the annual fair which commences on Saint Anthony's festival, .Tune 13th. The Botanic (iarden of Padua, which is con- nected with the university, is well known as the oldest in Kurope. having been established by the Venetian Republic in the middle of the si.Kteenth century. It has some e.xotic trees which have long been celebrated, and arc asso- ciated with certain of Goethe's scientific investi- gations here. Also connected with the univer- sity are an observatoiy and a large and valuable library. There are in the city an archiepiscopal seminary, a lyceum and other high schools, a technical industrial school, an agricultural school, an industrial art school, and a silkworm breeding institution. The industries of Padua include foundries, farm machinery works, an automobile factory, chemical factories, distil- leries, etc. The city is the centre for the trade of Venetia, cattle, wine. oil. and grain being chiefly dealt in. It is particularly famous for its fruit. Canals connect Padua with the Adige. the Brenta, and the Adriatic. The population in 1901 was 82,281.

Padua claims its origin from the time of Troy. In the height of Rome's glory it was the most important town in Xorth Italy. It was sacked by the Goths and the Huns. Charlemagne wrest- ed it from the Longobards. In the middle of the thirteenth century it was the capital of the cruel tyrant Ezzelino (IV.) da Romano. Later it was for a time a republic, then passed under the rule of the Carrara family, and became the object of conquest on the part of Venice, to which it fell in 140o, and whose fortunes it afterwards shared. Livy and llantegna were born here. In art history Padua is prominent. IVIantegna shed his glory upon the city, and the influence of the Squarcione school, with which he was as- sociated, is traced all over Xorthern Italy. Gi- otto, Donatello, and Fra Filippo Lippi also did much work in Padua. Consult Cappelletti, Stona di Padora (Padua, 1875).

PADUA,. One of the oldest and most famous of Euroi)ean universities. It had its inception in the emigration from the University of Bologna in 1222 of a large num- ber of students owing to dilliculties with the town authorities. The School of Jlartinus for the study of jurispnulenee at Padua, however, is mentioned as early as Uno. The restless students found Padua as unaccommodating as Bologna, and in 1228 entered into a contract to emigrate to Vereelli, that commune promising 500 houses for the accommodation of students and other privileges. This contract was only carried out in part, and the university at Padua was not wi])ed out entirely. At first jurispru- dence constituted the principal study, but soon the liberal arts came into vogue. During the tyrannical reign of Ezzelino (IV.) da Romano (1237-.j'.M the university lost its prestige and was almost ruined, but with his death the town endeavored to improve its condition. In 12G0 a code of statutes, modelled after those of Bo- logna, was drawn up. two universities, the Ul- tramontani and the Citramontani, weve estab- lished, and the granunatical. rhetorical, and medical studies instituted. In 1203 Pope Ur- ban I^■. speaks of the 'Universitas Magistroruni et Scolarium Padue' as a recognized institution, anil in 1204 confirmed the power of the Bishop to confer the licentiate degree. The fame of the university soon rivaled that of Bologna. In 1282 the Paduans attempted to force new statutes, prepared by them, on the univer- sity. This was vigorously resisted hv the university and Pope Xicola's IV. An attempt was even made to transfer the imiversity to some other place, but the difficulty was" set- tled in 1290. In 1303 Pope Urban V. in- stituted theology as a studium generate. In the same year the first college was founded, the number increasing gradually henceforth. After 1390 the university received many foundations for poor scholars, and in 1390 Francesco Carrara presented it with its first building. In the fif- teenth century it far outranked Bologna in re- nown. Humanism obtained a strong foothold here, and besides the professional studies, mathe- matics, modern languages, fine arts, and knightly exercises were eagerly pursued. At Padua were established the first botanical garden and anatomical theatre. The imiversity became a fa- vorite place with the Germans, there being, in 1504, 200 of them under the faculty of law. Dur- ing the seventeenth century the fame of the insti- tution gradually declined. In 1613 the complaint was made that there were only 1400 students. Still there were about 100 annual promotions in jurisprudence. At that period the university was famous for the licentiousness of the students, which hastened the decay of the once flourishing institution. In the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury Augustin Leyser laments its total ruin. Under the Austrian regime, and later under the Italian government, strenuous efforts were made to re- establish the former fame of the university, and its regeneration has proceeded gradually. During the troublous jjeriod of 1848-50 the universitv was closed. In 1902 the University of Padua consisted of the following schools and faculties: (1) law, (2) medieal-surgical, (3) mathematical- natural science, (4) philosoph.v, (5) engineering, (fi) pharmae.y. The attendance was over 1400. The library contained 136,000 volumes, 64,900