Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/232

PACINI. Pistoia, studied medicine in Florence and Pisa, and became professor of anatomy at Florence. At t«enty-tliree he made himself famous by dis- covering the peripheral nerve terminations which are called the "corpuscles of Pacini' (or 'of Vater,' if the claim of the latter be considered). Pacini wrote much on anatomy, especially micro- scopic, and on pathology- and therapeutics. His more important monographs include those on artificial respiration 1 1S(J7. 187fi, 1877, sqq.), which describe "Pacini's method,' one of especial value in resuscitating asphyxiated new-born children.

PACINI, GiovAXXi (179G-18G7). An Italian composer and teacher, born at Catania, and pupil of Marchesi and Furlanetto. His first opera. Annetta e Lucindo. was produced in 181.3. and this was followed by forty-two operas during the subsequent twenty' years. He was invariably successful, and was able to command the Ijest theatres and artists in Italy. When one of his operas failed, he retired from the field of com- position and devoted himself entirely to teach- ing, his school of music at Viareggio winning world-wide repute. His best work was done after 1840, the list of his compositions includ- ing about ninety operas, cantatas, masses, etc., besides numerous musical monographs and arti- cles for musical periodicals. Medea (1843), h'af- fo (1840), and Le regina di Cipro (1846) are regarded as his best works. He died at Pescia.

PACINOTTI, pii'che-not'te, Axtoxio (1841 — ). An Italian physicist and electrician. He was born and educated at Pisa, taught there for two years, and at Bologna (18G4-7.3), and. after nine years in the University of Cagliari, in 188"2 became professor at Pisa. He is best known for his invention in 18G0 of a d^Tiamo in which the coils of the armature were wound on a ring. Subsequently the same device was independently discovered by Gramme, and was brought into extensive use in his machines.

PACK'ARD, Alpheus Spring (1798-1884). An American educator. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College, where he was tutor from 1819 to 18"24, and professor of the Greek and Latin languages and literatures from 18"24 to 18Go. He became Collins professor of natural and revealed religion, and librarian in 1809. holding both offices until his death. During the last two years of his life he was acting president of the college. He edited and was joint author (with Xehemiah Cleaveland) of The Histori/ of Bow- doin College, with Biographical Sketches of Its Graduates (1882). He also edited: Works of the Rev. Jesse Appleton, with a Memoir ( 1836- 37): Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates, iciih- t'nglish Xotes (1839; 3d. ed. 1843) ; and con- tributed many articles to various periodicals.

PACKARD, Alpheus Spring ( 1 839- 1 905 ). An American naturalist, born at Brunswick, Maine. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1861 and at the JIaine lledical School in 1864, and studied imder Agassiz in the Lawrence Scientific School. Harvard University. In 186.5-66 he was librarian and custodian of the Boston Society of Natural History; in 1867-78 curator and afterwards director of the Peabody Academy of Science. Salem: and in 1871-73 State entomologist of Massachusetts. From 1S77 to 1882 he was a member of the United States Entomological Com- mission. In 1878 he was appointed professor of zoölogy and geology in Brown University. His chief work has been the classification and anatomy of arthropod animals, and contributions to economic entomology, zoögeography, and the phylogeny and metamorphoses of insects. In systematic zoölogy he proposed a new classification of the insects; a new grouping of the chief branches (phyla) of arthropods; a new order and several families of fossil merostomes, and the crustacean orders Phyllocarida and Synearida. In comparative anatomy he discovered the brick-red renal glands of Limulus, the origin of the ovipositor, and that of the spiral thread of the trachea;. His publications include: Guide to the Study of Insects (1869); The Mammoth Cave and Its Inhabitants (with F. V. Putnam, 1872) ; Life-History of Animals (1876); Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees (1890); A Naturalist on the Labrador Coast (1891); A Text-book of Entomology (1898) ; Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution: His Life and Work (1901).

PACKARD, .loiix Hooker (1832—). An American surgeon, born in Philadelphia. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1850, and at the Medical School there in 1853. During the Civil War he was attached to the Christian Street and Satterlee army hospitals, with the rank of assistant surgeon, U.S.A. From 1863 until 1884 he was surgeon to the Episcopal Hospital, and from the latter date until 1896 he filled a similar po.sition at the Pennsylvania Hospital. His publications include the transla- tion of Malgaigne on Fractures (1859) ; Manual of Minor Surgery (1863) ; Handbook of Operative Surgery (1870) ; and Sea Air and Sea-bathing t issn )

PACKARD, Joseph (1812-1902). An Ameri- can clergv'man, of the Protestant Episcojial Church, born at Wiscasset, ile. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1831. was a professor in Bristol College (Pa.) in 1834-36, and was or- dained priest in 1837. From 183G imtil his retirement as professor emeritus in 1890 he was professor of sacred literature in the Prot- estant Episcopal Theological Seminary of Vir- ginia, near Alexandria. He was a member of the American committee for the revision of the Bible in 1872-85, contributed largely to Church periodicals, edited Malachi in the translation of J. P. Lange's Commentary (1874), and pub- lished Questions on the Gospels (1855).

PACKARD, Lewis Richard (1836-84). An American classical scholar born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at Yale in 1856. studied further at Berlin University, in 1863 was ap- pointed assistant professor of the Greek lan- guage and literature at Vale, and in 1866 full professor. In 1SS3 he was the second director of the American School of Classical Arclurologv at Athens. With J. W. White and T. D. Sey- mour he was editor of the "College Series of Greek Authors," of which one volume, the Clouds of Aristophanes, appeared in 1885. A collection of his lectures and essays was published in 1886 as Studies in Greek Thought.

PACKARD, (1830—) An American classical scholar, born at Brunswick, Me. He graduated at Bowdoin in 1851, studied at Gi'lttingen in 1857-58. and was appointed professor of the Latin language and literature in Princeton Universitv. In addition to contribu-