Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/228

PACHACAMAC. the Yuncas, erected here a great temple of the sun and a house of the Virgins of tlie Sun. The ruins cover four large hills which furnished abundant building material used in combination with bricks or adobes of sun-dried earth. The site is at jjresent a waste of drifting sand, some- times obscuring the buildings which in the rain- less and frostless region are in a fair state of preservation. The city was well laid out, having broad streets and a surrounding wall with large gates for entering. The houses were great com- munal structures built in terraces like the New Mexican pueblos. There were capacious reservoirs and irrigation works; the hills were terraced and upon the level areas thus secured were located the temple and other buildings. The principal Yunca structure, the temple of Pachacamac, is located on a licadland about .500 feet above the sea, which breaks at its feet.

The hill has been surrounded by four terraces, forming a semi-lunar pyramid, the summit sev- eral acres in area. The entrance is from the east and the ascent is by a series of ramps. The walls were at one time painted red and adorned with frescoes. The temple covers an area of 600 X 450 feet, and is an aggregation of rec- tangular buildings and sunken courts on the vari- ous terraces. The shrine is on the summit at the southern corner behind two projecting rocks. The Inca convent stands on low ground near a small lake. It is also built of adobe bricks and covers an area 350 X 200 feet. It consists of a square, terraced area covered with buildings, and from this extends a long wall having 18 cells on the inner face. At a right angle another wall ex- tends to a square terrace backed also with a niched wall, in which a fine example of the round arch has been found.

Around the temple of Pachacamac is a vast cemetery in which the flexed bodies of the dead, wrapped in cloth and secured with a network of cord, were placed in vaults lined with adobe bricks and roofed with canes and rushes. Some of the tombs have three or more chambers. The objects buried with the dead consist of pottery, bronze, gold, or copper objects, textiles, weaving apparatus, pigments, food, and the like.

Pachacamac being a central shrine, first of the Yuncas and later of the Incas, was exceedingly rich ; it is said that Pizarro secured here 1700 pounds of gold and 1000 pounds of silver at the sack of the temples. Consult: Squier, Pen/ (New York, 185.3); Wiener, P4rou et Bolivie (Paris, 1880).  PACHECO, pa-cha'ko. Don^ta Maki.. Tlie wife of the Spanish patriot Juan de Padilla (q.v.).  PACHECO, Fbanci.ssco (c.ig"l-16.54). A Spanish painter and writer on art. He was born at Seville, and was a pupil of Luis Fernandez, an imitator of Raphael. Of small importance as a painter, he is remembered chiefly ns the master and father-in-law of Velazquez, and deserves most lasting credit for his Arte de la piiitiira (Seville. 1639). The precepts of this Avork were for a long period considered of standard authority by Span- ish artists, and it also contains numy valuable historical notices.  PACHELBEL, (1653–1706). An eminent German organist and composer, born at Nuremberg. First insfructed there by Heinrich Schwemmer (1621–96), he next studied at Altdorf and Regensburg, and in 1674 went to Vienna, where he became assistant organist at Saint Stephen's. Called to Eisenach in 1675, he was successively organist there, at Erfurt (1678–90), Stuttgart, Gotha, and finally (from 1695) at Saint Sebaldus in Nuremberg. With Butehude, one of the immediate forerunners of Bach, he contributed much to the improvement of Church music, and was the first to introduce in Germany the overture form on the pianoforte. The few of his compositions that appeared in print include: Musikalische Sterbens-Gedanken (1683); Musikalische Ergetzung (1691); Acht Choräle zum Präambuliren (1693); Hexachordum Apollinis (1699). The manuscript of his important Tabulaturbuch geistlicher Gesänge Martini Lutheri, etc. (1704), is in the grand-ducal library at Weimar.  PACHMANN, piiK'man, Vladimir de (1848 — ). A Itussiau pianist, born in Odessa. He first studied music under his father, a professor in the University of Odessa, an amateur violinist, and the friend of Beethoven, U'eber, and other musicians. Subsc(iuently he was sent to the Con- servatory of Vienna, aiul, returning to Russia in 1869, made his first appearance as a pianist, and played also in Germany and France. In 1882 he went to London, and in 1890 traveled in the United States, making subsequent extended tours in 1892, 1899, and 1-900. He became very popu- lar in America and enjoyed a high reputation both there and in Europe, especially as a sympa- thetic exponent of the music of Chopin.  PACHOTVIIUS, Saint. An Egyptian monk who is held to have been the first to sub.stitute for the free asceticism of the solitary recluse a regular eenobitic system. He was born ab(jut the year 292, of heathen parents, served as a soldier, and was converted to Christianity by the kind- ness of certain Christians whom he encountered at Thebes. About 325 at Tabenn:e, an island in the Nile, he founded the first monastic institu- tion. The members agreed to follow certain rules of life and eondvict drawn up by Pachomius, and to subject themselves to his control and visita- tion. His sister is said also to have embraced the cenobitie life, and to have established the first convent for nuns. The pair labored with so much diligence and zeal that at their death, according to Palladius, not fewer than 7000 monks and nuns were under their insi)ection. Consult: Griitzmacher, Pnchomius und dns iilteste Klosterleben (Freiburg. 1896); Am PACHUCA, p;i-choo'k!i, or Hidalgo. The capital of the State of Hidalgo, llexieo, situateil 55 miles northeast of Mexico City (Map: Mex- ico, K 7). It is built in a mountain jiass more than 8000 feet above sea-level, and its principal industries are derived from the rich silver mines of the district. These are among the most im- portant in the country: they are said to have been worked before the Conquest, but still yield an annual output of 90.000 tons of rich argen- tiferous ore. It was here that in 1557 BartolonK? de Jlcdina discovered the patio process of amalga- mation, which is still considered the most eco- nomical process for reducing the peculiar ores of Mexico. P'bpulatibn, in 1895, 40,487.

