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* OTJTRAM. 162 OVARIOTOMY. against tlic Dang tribes; the restoration of order in the Malii Kanla ; the Afglian campaign of 1839, (luring which he acted as aide-de camp to Lord Keanc, and in which lie i)erformcd liis fa- mous perilous ride from Kludat, through the Bolan Pass. He was political agent at (lujarat, and afterwards commissioner in Sindh, and upon tlip annexation of Oudh was made resident and couiuiissioner. l)y Lord Dalhousie. Owing to ill health, he returned to England in 18.56, l)ut with the outbreak of the Persian War he was sent with the British forces to the Persian Gulf, with diplomatic powers as a commissioner — after which he retirned to India. At the eommence- nient of the Indian Mutiny in 18.57 he was com- missioned to take charge of the forces marching to the relief of Lucknow. but refused to take precedence of his friend Havelock, and took up only his civil appointment as chief commissioner of Oudh. serving under Havelock as a volunteer. After the relief of Lucknow he led a skillful movement up the left bank of the river Gumti, which led to a final and complete victory over the insurgents. He was next made chief com- missioner of Oudh, in 1858 was nuide lieutenant- general, and in 18(!0 received the thanks of Par- liament. He took his seat as a member of the Supreme Council of India in Calcutta, but was compelled by ill health to return in 18(J0 to Eng- land. India founded an institution in Ids honor and presented him with valuable gifts, besides erecting a statue of him at Calcutta. He died at Pan, France, .March 11, 1803. He is known as the "Hayard of India,' and was conspicuous for his fair i)lay and generous championship of the natives of India. OTJTRE-MER, oo'tr'mfir, A Pilgrimagk Be- Yo.Mi liiK Sk.. Sketches of foreign travel by H. V. Longfellow (1835). OUVRARD, oo'vriir', Gabriel Julien ( 1770- 184(i). A French financier, born near Cli.sson, in the Department of Loire-Inffrieure. During the early years of the French Revolution he amassed a large fortune, and under the Directory he liecame one of the principal creditors of the State. Contracts with the Spanish Government netted him immense profits and his income from other sources was enormous. P.ctween 1802 and 1804 his loans to the Governincnt amounted to nearly 300.000,0(10 francs. He subsequently fur- nished the means for Napoleon's great military undertakings. The enmity of the Emperor brought about the ilissolution of the company of which Ouvrard wa.s the head and the arrest of the banker, who from 1810 to 181.3 remained in prison. Later in life he suiTered imprisonment for illegal transactions on the IJourse, and after his release went to England, where he died. His Mrmiiirm ajipeared in Paris in 182C. OUZEL, oo'z'l, or OUSEL (AS. osle, OHG. anisdid, (iiiiasla, Ger. ArnsrI. ouzel, of uncertain etymolog;t' ) • An old name of the English black- bird. It is also applied to other birds, chiefly of the thrush family. Thus, one British thrush (Mcrtilii lon/uata) is called the 'ring-ouzel.' The European dipper is very generally known as the 'water ouzel,' and in the United States the term is restricted to our dipper (q.v.) of the Rocky Mountain region. OVALLE, 6-viil'ya. The capital town of the province of the same name. Chile, on the right bank of the Limarf River, 170 miles north of Valparaiso, and on the railway from La Serena to San Jlarco (Map: Chile, C 10). It is a well- built town, in a well-irrigated valley, and waa founded in 1831. Its population, in 1885, was 5420. OVALS OF CASSINI, kAs-se'ne. See Cab- si.MA.N Oval. OVALS OF DESCARTES, da-kiirt'. See CAIiTKSIAX.S. OVAMPO, (j-viim'po. A Bantu people living on the northern boundary of German Southwest Africa. They are divided into a number of tribal groups each ruled by an hereditary cbief. They are tall, robust, well-proportioned, with regular features ; they are very peaceful and kind in disposition aiid sviperior in intelligence to other Scnilh African tribes. They do not live in vil- lages, but in family communities. The houses are very low, conical structures, designed mainly for sleeping purposes. They also have granaries and chicken houses set up on posts. They raise corn and have great herds of cattle. The men go naked ; the Iie.ad is .shaved except a small lock. They wear sandals like the Bechuana. The women wear a waist cloth and a small apron. Their hair is impasted with grease mixed with red clay. Beads and large brass rings are worn as ornaments. To the women fall the duty of building the houses and a large ]iart of the agri- cultural work. The men hunt wild animals and work in iron and copper, in which art they are very skillful. They are fond of dancing to the music of a drum and a kind of guitar. In cere- monial greeting of friends tbey anoint the face and breast of the visitor with butter. Consult: Andersen, The Okoraiifio River (Lon- don, 1801); Stanford, Africa (London, 1895). OVANDO, 6-van'd6, Nicolas de (c.1460- C.1518). A Spanish Governor of the West Indies, born in Valladolid. He was a commander of the religious Order of .lcAntara. stood high in the favor of King Ferdinand and C,)iiecn Isabella, and in September, 1501, was appointed to succeed Francisco de Bobadilla (q.v.) as Governor of the West Indies. Leaving the port of San Lucar, February 13, 1502, with a company of 2.500 per- sons— -the largest company which had hitherto been sent to the West Indies — be arrived at Santo Domingo April 15th, and remained as Governor until replaced by Diego Columbus in 1509. He proved a successful ruler over the Spaniards, founded a number of new settlements, and did much to restrain turbulence and disorder. To- ward the Indians, however, he was despotic and cruel. He prosecuted several ruthless wars against them, his .soldiers putting captives to death after subjecting them to hideous tortures; and virtually enslaved many thousands of them, through the establishment of the encomienda system, whereby they were distributed in lots of 50 or 100 among the Spaniards. OVAR, 6-var'. A town of Portugal, in the Province of Beira, 20 miles south of Oporto, at the head of one of the branches of the curious lagoon or bay called Rio d'Aveiro (Map: Portu- gal. A 2). (See AvEiRO.) It is a prosperous and increasing town and carries on an extensive fishery and a considerable trade in wine, grain, and fruit. Population, in 1900. 10,582. O'VARIOT'OMY. See Ovary.