Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/187

* OTTO I. 156 OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 1, 1S1.">. In August, 1832, the throne of Greece was olfi'ied to him by the (iieek National Assem- bly, and in the following year he began his reign under a regency. In June, 18.35, he assumed personal power, and in the following year he married in Germany the Princess Amalie of Oldenburg. . monetary crisis, which was provoked partly l)y false administrative measures, threw the ali'airs of (Jrccoe into confusion, and materially weakened the King's popu- larity. A national reaction against the Ger- manizing tendencies of the Court followed, and resulted, in 184.3, in a milit.ary revolution, which forced a constitution upon the King. The Bavarian ministers were dismissed, but the King and his Greek advisers attempted in various ways to curtail the privileges which the new Constitu- tion had conferred on the people. The equivocal position in which he was plaeed during the Crimean War between the allied powers on the one hand, and his subjects, who were strongly in favor of Kussia. on the other, increased the difficulties of his situation. The Queen's pro- Kussian symi)athies made her for some time a favorite; but the belief that Otto's absolute meas- ures were due to her instigation turned the tide of pojjular hatred so strongly against her that attempts were made on her life. The general discontent at last found vent in insurrections at Nauplia and Syra in 1802. which were soon suppressed. A more formidable insurrection in the districts of Aearnania, Aehai, and else- where broke out in October of the same year, and in a few days extended to the whole of Greece. Otto lied to .Salamis. from which place he issued a proclamation declaring that lie quitted Greece to avoid civil war. He never formally renounced his riglit to the (Jreek throne. He died at Bamberg, July 2ti, 1807. OTTO, Julius (1804-77). A German com- poser. He was born at Kiinigstein. in Saxony, and studied music in Dresden and I^'ip/.ig. From 1830 to 1873 be was teacher of musie and cantor at the Kreizkirebe in Dresden. Mis ]>i)|iu- lar songs include the cycles for male voices, "(Jesellen- und Hurschenfabrlen," and "Solda- tenleben." He wrote three oratorios, Des Hex- lands Ictzte Wiirlr, Die I'eier der Krlontcn am Orabe Jcsu, and Hioh ; but his male choruses and pianoforte compositions embody his best work. OTTO, Paul (1840-0.3). A German sculptor, born in Merlin, where be frequented the Academy and the studio of Karl licgas. Having rer-eive'd the first prize in a eimipetition for the Tegetthoff monument in 'ienna, in 1873, be went to Italy, and during a tbirteenyears' .sojourn in Rom<' pro- duced, among other works, the marble statues for Berlin of "Wilhelm von Humboldt" (garden in front of the University) and of "Chodowiecki" (Vestibule of Old .Museum), and the polvebrome statue of a "Vestal" (1880, National Gallery). Hi,s "Luther Monument." with many accessory figures (Neuer Markt. Berlin). in the competition for which he bad carried olT the first prize (1886), was completed after his death by Toberentz. OT'TOKAR II. (c.1230-78). King of Bo- hemia from 1233 to 1278. He was a son of Wenceslas I. and Princess Kmigunde of the House of Hobenslaufen. In 12.31. after the ex- tinction of the line of Babenberg. he obtained posBessioD of the Duchy of Austria and married Margaret, the sister of the deceased Duke. He came to the Bohemian throne on the death of his father, and the ne.xt year he took i)art in a crusade against the heathen Prussians, whom he defeated; he founded Kcinigsberg in their terri- tory, in 1200 he gained a victory over the Hun- garian King, Bela IV., on the Marebfcld. iuid annexed Styria in 1201. The same year he pro- cured a divorce from Margaret, and nuirried the Russian Princess Kunigunde. who was a grand- child of Bela. The duehies of Carniola and Ca- rintbia fell to him in 1209, and he made some small additional acquisitions in 1271 and 1272. Ottokar was now one of the most powerful princes in Europe. When Riulolph of Haps- burg (q.v. ) was elected Emperor, Ottokar refu.sed to recognize him. After long negotiations he was put imder the ban of the Empire and de feated in battle (1270), and was compelled to give up all his ])ossessions except Bohemia and Moravia. He soon renewed the war and perished on the Marchfeld, August 20, 1278. Ottokar founded cities and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. He attempted to weaken the feudal nobility and to destroy their castles. Con- sult: Lorenz, Geschichte Kiinigs Ottokar 11. (Vienna. 1800) : and Huber, Ueschirhle Oester- rvirhs. vol. i. (Gotba, 1885). OTTOKAR OF STYB'IA (c.l250-c.l310). A German chronicler, sometimes erroneously called Ottokar 'of Horneck.' He wrote in about eighty- three thousand verses, filled with descriptions of tourneys, fetes, and battles, a very valuable his- tory of Styria from 1230 to 130!l, which has es- pecial importance as supplementing our knowl- edge of Rudolph of Hapsburg, Ottokar of Bo- hemia, Adolphus of Nassau, and Albert 1. It • is edited l).y Seemiiller in the Motiumenta (Irr- maniw Hixtorica, vol. v., pts. 1 and 2 (Hanover, 1890, 1893). Consult Busson, "Beitrage zur Krjtik der steirischen Reimchronik," in the Sit- zungsherichte of the Vienna Academy (1885-92). OTTOMAN EMPIRE. A conunon designa- tion for Turkey. Tlic beginning of the Ottoman power is usually traced back to Ertogrul, chief of a Turkic tribe, who in the beginning of the thirteenth century established himself in the an- cient Phrygia. From his son Otbman. or Osman (1288-1320), the Empire derives its name. Not- able successors of Othman were Anuiratb, or Murad I. (1359-89), who organized the Janiza- ries and took Adrianople in 1301; Bajazet I. (1389-1403), who was victorious over the Chris- tians, but succumbed to Timor: Mohammed II. (1451-81), who took Constantinople in 1453; Bajazet II. (1481-1512). celebrated for bis magnificence; his son Selim I. (1512-20). who conquered Syria and Egypt; Solinan II. (1520- 00), under whom the Empire attained its zenith, and ^Mohammed IV. (1048-87), whose able minis- ter, the celebrated Kiuprili (q.v.), by repeated victories, vigorously sustained the declining for- tunes of the Empire. Under the succeeding mon- archs the Empire underwent a rapid diminution before the steady advance of the Austrian and Russian armies, until its preservation in the nineteenth century came to depend upon the goodwill of certain European powers and the jealousies of all. The Ottoman Empire remains, with Russia, the only despotism in Europe in spite of reforms begun under Mahnuid II. (1808- 39), and the charter of liberties granted by his