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* OSHIMA. 131 OSIER. southward for ]0 miles toward the Bonin Nhinds, and is best known to foreigners as 'ries Island. It is of volcanic origin, is eight miles long and five w-ide, has a good harbor, and an evcr-smoking volcano, Mihara-Yama. It has a population of about 5000, living in six villages along the coast. Xo rice is pro- duced, as the people live principally by fish- ing and exporting clicrry-tree wood to the main islands of Japan. A little corn and sweet pota- toes are raised. The women do most of the work, and, as in the Loochoos, carry their burdens on their heads. Their dress difl'ers considerably from the dress of the women of the mainland; they wear petticoats, dress their hair difl'erently, and do not blacken their teeth. The men dress as other .Japanese. Concubinage does not exist; musical instruments are not found, and dancing is unknown. (2) Anami-Oshima, one of the large islands of the Loochoo Archipelago (see Loo- CHOO), which came under the control of the Dai- mio of Satsuma in 1009. It is 34 miles long and 17 wide; is of volcanic origin, with steep shores, and hills rising to heights of 1400 to 1500 feet. Here in 1867 a modern sugar-refining plant was erected by some ' foreigners for the Dainiio of Satsuma, but. not proving remunerative, it was later removed. The port is Naze, with a good harbor, on the north coast, latitucle 28° 2.3' N., longitude 129° 30' E. The inhabitants suflfer much from very poisonous snakes of the genus Trimeresurus, which infest even the houses. OSH'KOSH. A city and the county-seat of Winnebago Comity, Wis., 80 miles northwest of Jlihvaukee; on Lake Winnebago, at the mouth of the Upper Fox River, and on the Wisconsin Central, the Chicago and Xorthwestern, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (llap: Wisconsin. E 5). It is the seat of a State normal school. In the suburbs, three miles dis- tant, is the Xorthern Hospital for the Insane (State), and near it the County Asylum for the Incurable Insane and the County Poor Farm. The city has a public library, Xortli, South, and Electric parks, and several bridges across the river. Among its notable structures are several public school buildings, the city hall, the county courthouse, and the United States Ciovernment building. Lake Winnebago is a popular resort for yachting, ice-boating, fishing, and hunting. Owing to the accessibility to valuable forests, O.shkosh has developed important lumber in- terests, and manufactures products of lumber in great variety — sash, doors, and blinds, matches, furniture, trunks, carriages and wagons, etc. Other manufactures are machinery, boilers, grass twine and matting, ilour, tobacco, and. malt liquors. The city's commercial interests are in- creasing, and include a large wholesale trade. The government is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a council, of which the executive is a member. The school board is independently elected by po]iular vote. Oshkosh was settled in 1836 and chartered in 1853. In 1859. 1866, 1874, and 1875 it suffered severely from fires. Population, in 1890. 22,836; in 1900, 28.284. OSIANDEB. 6'se-aii'der, Andreas (1498- 1552). A German reformer. He was born De- cember 19. 1498. at Gunzenhausen, near Xurem- berg. Osiander, whose real name was Hosemann, was educated at Ingolstadt and Wittenberg, and became a preacher at Nuremberg in 1522, where he was conspicuously active in introducing the Reformation. He advocated the views of Luther in his controversy with Zwingli, on the question of the Lord's Supjier; took part in the conference held at Marburg (1529), and was present at the Diet of Augsburg ( 1530). In 1548 he was deprived of his oHice as preacher at Nuremberg, becau.se he would not agree to the Augsburg Interim (see Interim I ; but was immediately invited by Albert, Duke of Prussia, to become the head of the theological faculty in the ncwiy established University of Kiinigsberg. He was hardly settled here when he became entangled in a theological strife that inibittered his naturally imperious and arrogant temper. In the treatises be Lege ct Emnrjelio ( 1549) and De Justificatione ( 15.50) Osiander asserted that the righteousness by which sinners are justified is not to be conceived as a mere justificatory or imputative act on the part of God, but as something inward and subjective, as the inipartation of a real righteous- ness, springing in a mystical way from the union of Christ with man. The most notable of his opponents was Martin Chemnitz (q.v. ) A seem- ingly amicable arrangement between the dispu- tants was brought about by Duke Albert in 1551 ; but the strife was soon recommenced. Osi- ander publishing new writings in which he at- tacked Melanchthon; nor did his death .in Kii- nigsberg, October 17, 1552, put a stop to the war of words. It was continued by his followers, called Osiandrisis, who were finally extinguished by the Corpus Doctrinw Pruteiiicum (in 1567), which caused their banishment from all parts of Prussia. The leader of the party, the Court preacher .Johannes Funck, Osiander's son-in-law, Avas beheaded (1506). Consult the Life of Osi- ander, by Moller (Elberfeld, 1870). OSIEB (OF.. Fr. osier, from Gk. olcros, oisos, ofiruov, oisyon, oCcrua, uisya, sort of osier; con- nected with Gk. iria, itea, Lat. vitex, withy, vitis, vine, OPruss. vitro, OHG. tivda. Ger. Weide, AS. vepig. Eng. irithi/). The popular name of the bushy willows used for making wicker-work. Their long and slender branches are valuable in proportion to their length, slen- derness, suppleness, and toughness. The common osier (Salix rimin(ilis), a European species com- mon in wet alluvial grounds, sometimes becomes a tree, although when cultivated for hoops and basket-making it is not permitted to do .so. It is often planted to prevent the wa.shing of river banks. It has several cultivated varieties much more useful than the original or wild species, which are apt to break, and therefore are of little value. Jlore suitable for the fine kinds of bas- ket-making are Snlix purpurea, sometimes called the fine basket osier, and a variety known as the green-leaved osier or ornard. and Salijc triaiidra, known to English osier cultivators and basket- makers as the Spaniard rod. Salix alba, which sometimes becomes a tree, is the golden osier or golden willow, remarkable for the bright yellow of its branches, as well as for their pliancy and toughness. There are other species, such as .SVi/F.c caprea, Salix lucida. and Salix frafiilis, which arc also valuable: but the osiers chiefly cultivated belong to the species which have been named, or are very nearly allied to them. Since some of the European species do not stand the American climate very well, Stalix sericea. Salix pctiohiris, Salix lasiandra, and Salix Iterigata,