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* OSAWATOMIE. 128 OSCAB II. Kansas, H 3). It derive.-* its name from two streum^i near by, the Osage and Pottawatomie. It is tbc seat of the oldest and largest State insane liuspital, with aceonmiodations for about 1200 patients, dating from 1860, and has a Masonic temple, the Aguew Opera House, a eity hall, and city library, and a monument commemorating the battle of Osawatomie. The city is in an agri- cultural and stock-raising region, and has a supply of natural gas. Division headquarters and shops of the Missouri Pacific Railroad are maintained here. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a council. There are municipal water-works. Osawatomie was one of the "free-State' .settlements made bj- the Emigrant Aid Society in 18.5.5, and was promi- nent in the contest between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery elements in Kansas. For a time John Brown lived in the immediate vicinity of the town. On August 30, 1850, it was the scene of a sharp skirmish between a hand of pro- slavery men and John Brown and his followers, and, after the latter had been dispersed, was almost completely destroyed by the former. Osa- watomie was chartered in 1883 and in 1890 be- came a second-class citv. Population, in 1890, 2662; in 1000, 4191. OSBALDISTONE. In Scott's Roh Roy, the name of two oon^ins, Francis and Rashleigh. Francis marries Di Vernon and Riishleigh, the villain of the story, is killed by Rob Roy. OSBORN, oztjOrn. He.xry Faibfield (1857 — ). An .American geologist and paleontologist, born at Fairfield. Conn. He graduated at Prince- ton in 1877. and was appointed assistant pro- fessor of biologj' there in 1880, and professor of comparative anatomy in 1881. In 1890 he was made Da Costa professor of zoiilogy in Columbia University, anil was chosen curator of vertebrate paleontologj' in the American Museum of Nat- ural History. Osborn's Western explorations resulted in great contributions to American paleontology and in remarkable additions to the collection of the American Museum. Of especial value are his reconstructions of prehistoric mam- mals, as painted by Charles Knight and displayed in the American Museum. In 1900 he was "ap- pointed paleontologist to the Canadian Geo- logical Suney and to the United States Geo- logical Survey. He wrote: Evolution and Hered- ity (1890) : From the frreeVs to Dnricin (1894), an historical sketch of evolution: and Hereditanj Mechanism (1895), and collaborated with W. B. Scott in the preparation of the work entitled American Fossil ilammnls. OSBOBN. SliERARD (1822-75). An English naval olliicr, explorer, and author, horn in JIadras, India. Entering the British Xa-j' in 1837, he soon rose to a captaincy, and served in Malayan and Cliinese waters. On two Arctic ex- peditions fin 1850-51 and 18.52-34) in search of Sir .Tohn Franklin, he commanded a vessel, and during a part of the Crimean War he was senior officer in the Sea of .Azov. Ordered to Hong Kong in 1857, he took a spirited part in the war at Canton (18.57-58). In 1864 he commanded the armor-plated Roi/nl ftorereiqn. and in 1873 be- came rear-admiral. His writings include: Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal (1852) ; Quedah : or, Stray Leaves from a Journal in Malayan TVaters (1857): and The Career. Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin (1865). OSBORNE, oz'bOrn. Fba.ncis (1593-1059). An English aullior. lie was the son of Sir John Osborne, of Cbicksands, Bedfordshire, lived in London, where he was employed by his father. who was at the head of the ollice of the Lor<l Treasurer's remcinJjrancer, and about 1650 re- moved from North Fambridge to Oxford. There he held minor otiice under the Commonwealth and lived uneventfully, gaining some fame and many inlluential friends in London after the publica- tion of his Advice to a Son ( 1650-58). This pop- ular work was published anonymously. It con- tained a series of pithy commonplaces somewhat in the manner of Lord Chesterfield. Besides sev- eral political pamphlets, Osborne wrote a J/is- cellany of Sundry Essays, Paradoxes, etc. ( 1059 j . His collected works were published in 1673, and in 1722 reached an eleventh edition. OSBOHNE HOUSE. A country residence of Queen 'ietoria on the Isle of Wight, in the neighborhood of the town of East Cowes. Os- borne House was bought by the Queen in 1840. Here she died. January 22, 1901. After her death King Edward presented Osborne House to the English people. OSBOUBNE, Ozljurn, Llotd (1808—). An American writer, son of Samuel Osbourne and Fanny Van de Grift (afterwards the wife of Robert Louis Stevenson). He was born in San Francisco, -April 7, 1808. and studied at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh with a view to becoming a civil engineer. With Stevenson he went to Samoa, where he was appointed vice-consul from the L'nited States. In conjunction with Steven- son, he wrote: The Wrony Box (1889); The ^yr<rl;er (1892) ; and Ehh Tide (1894). OS'CAN. One of the ancient languages of Italy. Sec Itauc Laxguage.s. OSCAR I. (1799-1859). King of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to 1859. He was born in Paris, .luly 4, 1799, being the son of Marshal Bernadotte. (See Charij:.s XIV. Joiix.) After the election of his father as Crown Prince of Sweden, Oscar received the title of Duke of Surlermania. In 1818 he entered the University of Upsala. He was accomplished in the fields of science, literature, and the fine arts, and was an enthusiastic student of music. He was in full .svmpathy with the Swedish nationalists. He succeeded his father March 8, 1844. His rule was distinguished for its justice; and many liberal measures, such as the removal of .lewish disabilities, freedom of manufactures and commerce, and parliamentary reform (the last mentioned being vigorously opposed by the nobility), were laid before the Riksdag by his orders. He advocated these changes with tact, ■and in many cases his policy was successful. In 1823 he married Josephine Beauharnais, the granddaughter of the Empress Josephine, by whom he had five children, the eldest of whom, on account of his father's failing health, was appointed Regent. September 25. 1857, and suc- ceeded to the throne as Charles XA^ on the death of Oscar, July 8. 1859. See Sweden. OSCAR II. (1829—). King of Sweden and Norway after 1872. He was born in Stockholm, January 21. 1829. being the third son of Oscar I. In 1872 he succeeded his brother. Charles 'S.V., on the throne. During his reign the development of the sister kingdoms was retarded bv no for-