Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/156

* ORTHOPTERA. 125 ORTONA. eluding katydids), crickets, cockroaches, walk- ing-sticks, and leaf-insects, and the praying mantis or rear-horse (qq.v.). The mouth parts are fitted for biting, and the metamorphoses are incomplete, the young when first hatched closely resembling the adult insects except in lacking wings. The eggs are few in number, and as a rule are laid in specialized egg-cases, although with some they are deposited without such cases, and with a few are scattered singly. The fore wings are somewhat thickened, but are not as tough as the wing-cases of beetles, and when at rest lie closed upon the back so as to protect the abdo- men and the hind wings. They are known as ■tegmina.' The hind wings function in flight, and are delicate and usually folded like a fan. About 10,000 species exist, which makes it a small order when compared with the Hymenoptera, the Cole- optera, and the Lepidoptera, but. in spite of the comparatively small number of eggs, many of the species are tenacious of life and apparently very prolific, and swarm in enormous numbers of indi- viduals, as in the case of the destructive and mi- gratory locusts. One of the striking peculiarities of the' order is that we find here most highly developed the ability to produce sounds of a more or less musical character, by rubbing one part of the body, modified for the purpose, upon annther. This capability thus to make sounds is confined to the male sex, and its object is to at- tract the female: and this ability belongs only to the families which jump (the Saltatoria) : the runners, walkers, and graspers (Cursoria, Gres- soria, and Raptoria) make no sound, but in these groups the phenomena of protective and aggres- sive resemblances are very highly developed, espe- cially in the tropical forms. In these groups the wings seem to be of little use as organs of flight, but they are of striking value in ornamentation and in concealment. This is especially true with the Phasmidoe and Mantidse, where the effective- ness of color and pattern is extraordinary, the tegmina resembling plant structures with remark- able minuteness of detail. Even the eggs are so modified as to resemble the seeds of plants. Orthoptera are among the oldest of fossil in- sects. Cockroaches -were numerous and varied in Paleozoic time, and the other families are numer- ously represented in Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks. Consult: Sharp, Camhridge Natural Eistory (London, 1805) : Comstock, Manual for the Studii of Insects (Itliaca, 1898) : Howard, The Insect Book (Xew York, 1902) ; Lugger, Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Minnesota (ilinne- apolis. 1898) : Scudder, North American Orthop- tera (Cambridge, 1897). ORTIGXJEIRA, or'te-gii'e-ra. A town in the Province of Coruna. Spain, picturesquely sit- uated in a beautiful valley at the head of a land-locked bay 23 miles northeast of Ferrol. The harbor is well sheltered, but sliallow, and has no wharves: the town is chiefly noted for its romantic surroundings and for the good sea- bathing afl"orded. Population (commvme), in 1887, 17,563; in 1900, 18,975. ORT'LER, or Ortler Spitze. The highest peak of the Austrian Empire, on the border of the Tyrol, 08 miles southwest of Innsbruck. It rises to a height of 12,790 feet from the northern por- tion of the Ortler group, in the chain of the Rluetian Alps. It was first ascended in 1804. The view from the summit is the most imposing of the Eastern Alps. ORTOLAN (Fr. ortolan, from It. ortulano, ortolan, gardener, from Lat. horlulanus, garden- er, from horlus, garden). A European bunting (Emherisa horlulana) having a plumage of mixed browns, black, and white. It appears in the autumn in great flocks on both coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, when it returns from its summer home and breeding i)laces in the far north. Xo bird is so highly esteemed by epi- cures, and vast numbers are used for the table. It is taken chiefly by nets. See Plate of Bcxtings. In America the name is given to both the bobolink ('reed-bird') and the sora-rail, neither of which has the slightest relation to an orto- lan, but both of which are small birds, much sought after in the fall in the Jliddle States, as a delicacy. OR'TON, Edwakd (1829-99). An American educator and geologist. He was born in Deposit, N. Y., graduated at Hamilton College in 1848, and studied at Lane Theological Seminary, at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, and at An- dover Theological Seminary. He taught success- ively at the State Normal School, Albany, N. Y., at the Chester (N. Y.) Academy, and at Antioch College, of which he was also president in 1872-73. He was first president of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Ohio State University) (1873-81), and was professor of geology there from 1873 to 1899. He was an assistant State geologist (1809-82), was State geologist (1882-99), served for a time on the geological surveys of the L'nited States, of Ken- tucky, and of Kansas, and was president of the Geological Society of America (1896), and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1898-99). He was essentially an economic geologist, and specialized in the study of oil and gas. developing several well-known theories, notably the 'anticlinal theory,' and be- coming widely known as an authority on the nature and geological occurrence of these prod- ucts. He wrote portions of vols, i., ii., and iii. of the Reports of the Ohio Geological Survey, and a large part of vols, v., vi., and vii., besides numerous papers in the geological magazines and papers on petroleum, gas, and asphalt in the Kentucky Geological Reports (1891), and in the Report of the United States Geological Sur- vey (1887). ORTON, James (1830-77). An American nat- uralist, born at Seneca Falls, N. Y. He graduated at Williams College in 1855. and then studied theology' at the Andover Seminary. In 1860 he returned from an extensive trip through Europe and Palestine, and was ordained a Congregational minister. He became professor of natural sci- ence in Rochester University in 1866, in the next year he took charge of a scientific expedition across South America, and in 1873 took part in an expedition to Lima and Lake Titicaca. From 1869 to the time of his death he was professor of natural history in Vassar College. He pub- lished The Miner's Guide and Metallurgist's Di- rectory (1849) ; The Andes and the Amazon (1870) : and Comparative Zoology (1875). ORTONA, ar-to'n.'i. A town in the Province of Chieti Italv. sitiiated on the Adriatic. 12 miles east of Chieti (Map: Italy. J 5). It has a cathedral, a ruined castle, a harbor, and an