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* ORSINI. 123 ORTHOCERAS. youth he engaged in conspiracies for the libera- tion of Italy, and in 1844 was condemned to the galleys for life. He was released in I84G, and took an active part in the revolution of 1848-49, fighting at Koine and Venice, and carrying on the revolutionary propaganda at Genoa and in the Duch_y of JModcna. Forced to llee the coiuitry, he found refuge in England, where he suppoi'ted himself by lecturing and published The Austrian DuiKjeons in Italy (185G). In 1857 he went to Paris Avith the intention of assassinating Xapo- leon III., whom Orsini regarded as the greatest obstacle to the liberation of Italy. On the even- ing of January 14, 1858, as the carriage con- taining the Emperor and the Empress was draw- ing up before the opera house, Ors:'ni and three companions. Fieri, Rudio, and Gomez, exploded a number of bombs, killing ten of the bystanders and wounding one hundred and fifty. The Em- peror and Empress escaped unhurt. The con- spirators were seized, tried, and sentenced, Orsini, Fieri, and Rudio to death, and Gomez to impris- onment for life. Rudio's life was spared at the intercession of the Empress, but Orsini and Fieri Avere executed on March 1.3, 1858. Consult: Memoirs of Felice Orsini, Written hi/ Himself < Edinburgh, 1857); Montazir, Felice Orsini (Turin, 1862). ORSK, ursk. A town of Eastern Russia in the Government of Orenburg, situated on the Ural River. 140 miles east of Orenburg. It has brick- kilns and tanneries, and is a trade centre of some importance. Population, in 1897, 14,0.36. ORSON. See Valentine and Orson. ORSOVA, 6r'sh6-v6. A frontier town of Hungary, situated on both sides of the Cerna at its confluence with the Danube, on the Rumanian boundary, 94 miles east of Belgrade (Map: Hungary, H 4). Old Orsova, on the west bank of the Cerna, has a new harbor, with quar- antine station, and is a free port, a first-class port of entry, and one of the principal stations for the steamers on the Danube. Its population in 1900 was 4610. New Orsova, on the east bank, is inhabited chiefly by Turks, its population be- ing about 3000, and was formerly a Turkish fortress, but has been held by Austria since 1878. ORTEGAL, or'ta-gal'. Cape. See Cape Orte- GAL. ORTErLIUS, ORTEL, or OERTEL, er'tel, Abraham (1527-98). A Flemish geographer, born at Antwerp. He was the author of the fa- mous atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarnm (1570), long authoritative throughout Europe: Thesau- rus Geofjraphieus (1596); Itinernrium per Son- nullas (laliire Belyicce Partes (1584) ; and other geographical works. Philip II. of Spain recog- nized his merits, and appointed him royal geogra- pher in 1573. ORTH, ort, August (1828-1901). A German architect. He was born at Windhausen, Duchy of Brunswick, and educated at the Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick (1850-55), and at the Academy of Architecture in Berlin, where he also frequented the studio of Strack. and in 1856 won the Schinkel prize. After a visit to Italy in 1859. he was active principally in Berlin, where, hesides such public buildings as the Giirlitz rail- way station and the Cattle Market, the erection of several church edifices claimed more especially his attention. These comprise the "Zionskirche" Vf>L. XV.— 9. ( 1866-73 ), the "Dankeskirche" ( 1884) , the "Frie- denskirche" (1891), the "Himmelfahrtskirche" (1891-93), and the "Ennnauskirche" (1893), in all of which the architect endeavored to modify Romanesque forms of style according to modern proportions and exigencies. ORTH, orth, Godlove Stoner (1817-82). An American legislator, born in Lebanon County, Pa. He graduated at Pennsylvania College, studied law, was admitted to the" bar in 1839, and in the same year began to practice in Indiana. He represented his district in the Indiana State Senate for six sessions ( 1842-48) and was for one year president of that body. In 1861 he repre- sented Indiana at the Peace Conference. In the Civil War, as captain of volunteers, he com- manded the ram Horner in defensive erui.ses along the Ohio in 1862. Elected to Congress from Indiana, he served from 1863 to 1871, and from 1873 to 1875; framed the 'Orth Bill,' which re- organized the diplomatic and consular systems; and resigned his seat to accept the mission to Austria. After his return he again served in Congress from 1879 until his death. ORTH, .Joiiaxn. See John XEPOiiuK Salva- TOK. ORTH, ort, Johannes (1847—). A German pathologist. He was born at Wallmerod, and studied under Rindfleisch at Bonn and Virchow in Berlin. In 1887 he became professor of pa- thology at Gijttingen, and in 1902 succeeded Vir- chow at Berlin. His works are: Compendium der pathologisch-anatomischen Diar/nostik { 1876; 6th ed., 19(30) ; Cursus der normalen Histoloqie (1878; 5th ed., 1888); Lehrhueh der speziellen •pathologischen Anatomie (1887-93, incomplete); and Jiledi:inischer Unterricht vnd arztliche Prax- is (1898). ORTHERIS, Stanley. A character in Kip- ling's Holdiers Three, and other tales of English army life in India. Mulvaney, Learoyd, and he are, in a way, 'Three Guardsmen' of to-day. In this little Londoner, Kipling has immortalized the Cockney, and given an actual type of the British soldier. OR'THIS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. 6pB6c, orthos, straight, correct). An important extinct genus of hinged brachiopods very conunon in the Paleo- zoic formations of all parts of the world. The shells are usually rounded in outline, the valves generally convex, through the dorsal valve is flat in some genera, the cardinal area is well de- veloped, and the hinge is a ball and socket mech- anism. The several hundred known fossil species have been distributed among a number of new genera and subgenera, of which the more im- portant are Dalmaiiella testudinaria of the Trenton limestone, Bilobites hiloba of the Ni- agara beds of Xnrth America, and the Got- landian beds of Europe, Platitstrophia biforata of the Ordovician of America and Europe, Jihipi- doniella ranuxemi of the Hamilton group, and Sehizophoria striafiila of the Devonian. The period of greatest development of the orthids was during the ^Middle Paleozoic, and they died out toward the end of the Carboniferous period. ORTHOCERAS, Or-thos'd-ras (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. d/iOor, orthos. straight, correct + xepa^. Arras, horn). A geniis of fossil nautiloid ceph- alopods, characterized by straight conic shells, whose surface may be either smooth or trans-