Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/927

* OLIVE OIL. 793 OLIVES. is compressed by means of a wtiojen screw worked by live or six men. Uy tbis means the cold oil is expressed, beat being used to extract the re- mainder. The oil is allowed to settle and clarify for several days before it is ready for use. Olive oil is used as a food or condiment, in pharmacy, as an illuniinant and lubricant, and in the manufacture of soap. The olive oil of commerce is much adulterated, especially with cottonseed oil. The lowest grade is known as tournaut oil. (laUipoVt oil is made from the fruit after it has been allowed to ferment. It is chiefly used in dj-cing. See O1L.S. OLIVER, Andrew (1700-74). A Lieutenant- Governor of JIassachusetts. Ho was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard in 1724. In 1743 he was elected to the Massachu- setts General Court, in 1746 was chosen a mem- ber of the Council, and in 1750 became Secretary of the Colony. Upon the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765, he was appointed distributor for Massachusetts, and thus incurred the displeasure of the people. On August 14, 1705, he was hanged in effigy on the 'Liberty Tree,' and a mob destroyed a new building which, it was thought, was intended for his olhce. So gi-eat was his danger that a few days later he promised he would not receive the stamps. In the following December, upon a rumor that he still intended to serve, he was taken by a mob to the 'Liberty Tree' and there compelled to swear that such had never been his purpose. He continued, however, to uphold the cause of the Crown, and in 1770, on the promotion of his brother-in-law, Hutchin- son, to the Governorship, Oliver was made Lieu- tenant-Governor in his stead. In 1773 certain letters written by Oliver in which lie recom- mended changes in the Massachusetts charter and hinted at the desirability of taking off the 'prin- cipal incendiaries,' came into the hands of Ben- jamin Franklin, the agent of the colony in Eng- land ; and these letters, together with some from Hutchin.son and others, were published in Massa- chu.sctts and aroused such a storm of indignation against Hutchinson and Oliver that a petition was sent to England for their removal. OLrVEB, Grace Atkin.son (1844--). An American aiithor. whose maiden name was Little. She was born in Boston, was educated in private schools there, and married .L H. Ellis in 180n. After his death (1871) she began to write for the ])ress under his name, and her published works are lives of Mrs. linrhniihl (1.S7.3I. Uorirt Edrieii-orih (1882), and Drnn fttiinlc;/ (1885), She also edited the Poeiii.i of Ann and Jane Tay- lor and wrote their memoirs (188."?). She mar- ried Dr. J. P. Oliver in 1870. OLIVER, Hexrv Kkmrle (1800-85). An American musician, born at Beverly. Mass. Tie gradtuited at Dartmouth College in 1818, and after teaching school for a ninnber of years set- tled in Lawrence, Mass.. of which eitv he became Mayor in 1859. From 1801 to 1805 he was Treasurer of the State of Massachusetts. He foiuiiled several musical societies, but was better known as the composer of the hymn-tunes. "Fed- eral Street." "Mornin<.'." and "Beacon Street." He also composed motets, chants, and songs, and published: The Xafional Lj/re (1848) ; CoUvCtum of Church Music (1860); Original Hymn Tunes (1873). OLIVER, ,1a.mk.s Euward (1820-95). An American mathematician, born at Portland, ilaine. He graduated at Harvard in 1849, and in 1850 was appointed assistant in the otKce of the newly e>tal)lished Ei>)uiinrix and Xauliciil Almanac, from which he resigned in 1807. After three years of research in chemistry and physics, be was chosen profcsr-or of matheniatic-i in Cornell, where, in 187.'3, he became senior jirofessor. He was an able teacher and with lectures and his own unsparing devotion to study seemed long on the point of ruining his health. He wrote A Treatise on Trigonometry (18SC), and edited a series of mathematical text-books. As a mathe- matician he was reckoned by Peirce of Harvard the ablest in America. OLIVER, Peter (171-3-01). An .merican jurist, a brother of Andrew Oliver. He was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard in 1730. After holding various luinor oflices, he was, in 1756, although not a lawyer, made a justice of the Superior Court of Massachusetts, and in 1771 was raised to the position of Chief .Justice. Like his brother Andrew, he was a Loyalist, and in 1774 was the only one of the judges to refuse to decline the offer of a fixed salary from the King. Because of his refusal he was im- peached by the House. He upheld the royal cause with considerable skill in The Censor, a Loyalist paper, and upon the evacuation of Bos- ton by the Jiritish in 1776 he quitted the town with them. The remainder of his life was spent in England. OL'IVERS, TUOSIA.S (172.5-99). A Methodist preacher. He was born at Tregynon, Wales, re- ceived little schooling, and became a wandering cobbler. Being in Bristol, he went to hear Yhitefield, was converted, and was made by .John Wesley an itinerant preacher. In 1775 be became coeditor of The Arminian Maf/azine, but was removed in 1789 on the charge of care- lessness. He died in London. His repute rests upon his hymns, one of which, ''The God of Abraham praise," is deservedly famous. It is, howexer, not original, but a paraphrase from the Hebrew doxology of Daniel ben .Tiidab, which summarizes the thirteen articles of the Hebrew creed. Consult the article on the hymn in .Juli- an's Dictionary of Ilymnoloyy (London, 1892); and Rev, .John Kirk's Memoir of Olirers (London, 18C8). OLIVER TWIST. . novel by Charles Dick- ens (1838). It appeared serially in llrntlcy's Miscellany between January, 1837, and JIarch, 1839. It describes the evils of the workhouse, in which Oliver's childhood was passed, and the degraded and vicious life in London to which he was exposed during his apprenticeship to Fagin, the thief-trainer, r.nital Bill Sykes, Nancy, the .rtful Dodger, and pompous Bumble, the parish beadle, arc other leading characters, OLIVES, :Mount of (also called Mount Oli- vet) . The mountain east of .Terusaleiu. separated from the city by the Kidion Valley. It is, properly speaking, but one of a range of hills which starts out from the central highland about two miles north of .Tcrusalem, .lust north of the city is the high elevation known in ancient times as Scopus, where the Boiiian army under Titus encamped. .-Xfter a depression the range deflects and is continued southward for about two miles by the Mount of Olives. Farther