Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/912

* OLD AGE PENSIONS. rs OLD CATHOLICS. mills. The Standard Oil Company lias adopted a plan which provides for the pensioning of every oflicial, no matter what his rank, the pen- sion to be 25 per cent, of his salary. See 1'kiexdly Society. liiDLloGK.UMiY. Conrad, Hundiiorterbuch der Staatsicissenschaften, art. "Arbciterversicher- ung". (Jena, 1898) ; Willoughby, Woil;ingmcit's Insurance (New York, 18'J8)". For German conditions, consult I'ourth Upeeiul Report of Commissioner of Labor (Washington, 189,3) ; for foreign countries in general, Thirty- first Aiiiiiiiil Hi port of yew York Bureau of sta- tistics of Labor (Albany, 1900). Consult also: Spender, The titatc and Pensions in Old Age (London, 1892) : Reports of English Parliamen- tary Committees, IS'Jl, 1899. OLD ARM-CHAIR, The. A poem by Kliza Cook recalling the writer's mother. It became popular and was set to music by Henry Russell. OLD BAILEY (jjrobably from OF. bailie, palisa<lc. inclosurc, jirobably from Lat. haculum, rod). An ancient criminal court, with a prison adjoining, in London, England. It attained a gruesome reputation at a time when manj- crimes other than murder were ])uiushatile with death, Ijecause of the great number of convictions there for various capital offenses, and the apparent eagerness of the judges and juries serving there to convict any accused person brcjuglit to trial. It was grai)hically described by Charles Dickens in his Tale of Tiro Cities as the scene of the trial of the hero, Charles Darnay, for treason. It was destroyed by fire during the Gordon Riots of 1780. but was rebuilt, and is now olRcially known as the Central Criminal Court, although it is usuallv popularly referred to as the Old Bailey. OLDBUCK, JoxATiiAX. The chief character in Scott's Antiquary : an irascible, good-hearted collector of antiquities. Scott says that he was modeled partly on George Constable, an old friend of the author's father. OLD BULGARIAN. See Old CnuKcn Slav- ic LAMIIACI: ami LlTFRATlKE. OLD'BtTRY. A manufacturing town in Wor- ce>tcr>liire. Kngland, five and one-half miles west by north of Rirmingham (Map: England, E 4). Coal. iron, and limestone abound in the neigh- borhood; and in the town, iron, steel, alum- inum, railway e(|uii)ment. bricks, glass, chemi- cals, etc., are maiiufaclured. The town exhibits much modern improvement, owning its gas sup- ply, a free library, and a technical insti- tute. Population, "in 1891, 22,G97 ; in 1901, 2.-), 191. OLDCASTLE, .Toiix (?-1417). An English nolijcnian. whr) suirered death as a Lollard. He was bom about the time of the accession of Rich- ard 11.(1.377), probably in the Manor of Almelev, near Weobley. Western Herefordshire. He acquired the title of Lord Coblmm by marriage (1409). and later signalized himself by the ardor of his at- tachment to the doctrines of Wiclif. Hi' took part in the presentation of a remonstranre to the Engli-h Commons on the subject of the corrup- tions of the Church. .l his own expense he had the work of Wiclif transcrilied and widely dis- seminated among the people, and paid a larce ImkIv of preac)ier« to propagate the views of the reformer throughout the country. During the reign of Henry IV. (1309-141;!) he commanded an English army in France, and forced the Duke of Orleans to raise the siege of Paris; but in the first year of the reign of Henry V. (1413) he was accused of heresy and was imjirisoued in the Tower, whence after some time he escaped and concealed himself in Wales. A bill of at- tainder was passed against liim and 1000 marks set upon his head. After four years' hiding ho was captured, brought to London, and, being reckoned a traitor as well as a heretic, he was hanged and his body consumed as it hung in chains over a fire, Decemlxr 14, 1417. He is said to have been the original of Shakespeare's Falstair, as he was believed to have been in his youth the boon companion of Henry V. in his early days. Consult his Life by Giljiin (London, 1705), Gaspey (ib., 1843). Brown (ib., 1848), and in Maurice's English Popular Leaders (ib., 1872). OLD CATHOLICS. A religious communion, found principally in licrmany and Switzerland, which owed its origin to certain Roman Catholics who refused to accept the dogma of infallibility passed by the Vatican Council (q.v.), .luly IS, 1870. Before the Council assemlilcd it was known that such a dogma would be discussed, and a determined opposition to it developed. Foremost among the opponents was the Munich profes- sor Ignaz von Didlinger (q.v.), and after the dogma was promulgated he headed a gathering at Xuremberg, August 27, 1870, of professors from Bonn. Breslau, Braunsberg, Munich, iliinster, Prague, Wiirzbiirg, and elsewhere, who sent forth a protest. The chief signers of the protest were deposed or excommunicated. Xevertlicless, they persisted in the advocacy of their belief and found sympathizers. On Septem- ber 22-24, 1871, the first Old C.itholic Congress met at Munich, attended by about 300 delegates from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and friends from Holland, France. Russia, England, and other countries. In the resolutions adopted the congress defined its theological status. Diil- linger was not in favor of forming an ecclesias- tical organization, but the majority determined upon it. A large number of Old Catholic con- gregations sprang up in many places in Germany. The second congress met at Cologne. September 20-22, 1872; provision was made for the election of a bishop, intercommunion with the Eastern and Anglican churches was sought, and a claim to recognition by the State, with a share of the Church property, was asserted. Joseph Hubert Reinkens (q.y. ), professor of theology- in the University of Breslau. was elected bishop in the following .Itine and consecrated in .ugust at Rotterdam by Heycamp, Jansenist Bishop of Devcnier. He continued to serve till his death. .January 4, 1896, when he was succeeded by Theodor Weber, who had been conseeraled co- adjutor bishop the preceding year. Old Catholic bishops have been recognized by the governments of Baden, Hesse, and Prussia, and the latter has granted them a share in the ecclesiastical property. The third congress, held at Constance. Septemiier. 1873. further perfected the organiza- tion, and in the following year the Church was able to report 132 parishes and societies in Ger- many, with about S.T.OOO members. 41 priests, and 12 theological studi'nts. After the fourth con- gress (at Baden, 1874). a conference aiming at Church unity was held at Bonn. Dr. DJ'dlinger