Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/903

* OJIBWA. 771 OKAPI. line, they have sold tlic greater part of their I'oniier leiritury, retaining only their present reservations. Sealtered over such an immense region, ex- tending hundreds of miles from cast to west, the jilnva had n huge niinilier of hands and divisions, sonic of which were hardl- known to the others more remote, as well as a large numher of elans which were not all rciireseuted in the same sec- tion. According to Warren, thej' themselves recognized ten principal divisions, including three on the Canadian side of the boundary. Among these the ilakandwe, or Pillagers, about Leccli Lake, Minn., are perhaps the best known. The number of clans is variously stated from eleven to twenty-three, Warren making it twenty-one, grou[)ed into five phratries repre- senting original clans, one of which claimed the hereditary chieftainship, while another claimed precedence in the war councils. In their general habit they resembled the other northern Algon- quian tribes. Living in a cold country, they gave little or no attention to agriculture, but depended for subsistence upon hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild fruits and seeds, par- ticularly the abundant wild rice of the lake re- gion, with the sugar which they had learned to e.xtract from the maple. Their houses were framed in wigwam or tipi slia]ie, covered usually with birch bark, from which also they made their light canoes, their bowls and boxes, and upon which they scratched their simple pictograph records. They made no pottery, but were skill- ful mat-weavers. They had an elaborate mythol- ogy and ritual, chiefly in the keeping of the secret Jlide Society. Despite missionary etl'ort and con- tact with civilization, the primitive culture of the Ojibwa is little modified. The principal works in the Ojibwa language are Baraga's Dic- tionary, Belcourt's Grammar, and the shorter treatises of Schoolcraft. Of myths, the best col- lection is Schoolcraft. Alfi'ic Researches, upon which Longfellow based his Hiainitha. In ritual niythoIog' and general description the best work is Hoffman, "ilidewiwin of the Ojibwa," in Scv- ciilli Ke/wrt of the Bureau of Elhnoloqy. On traditional and later history the most satisfac- tory is Warren, "History of the Ojibwa," in fifth volume of Minnesota Historical Society Collec- tions, after which come Copway, History of the Ojihicay ImJians, and Jones, History of the Ojehieay Iiidiatis, all three authors being of mixed Ojibwa blood. In special research may be noted Jenk. "Wild Rice Catherers," in Nine- teenth Report of the Bureau of tlthnolorjy. The Ojibwas were estimated in 1704 at about 25,000: in 1783. at 15.000; in 1843, at 30.000; in 1851, at 28.000. They number now about 30,000, divided between the United States and Canada as follows: United States — Minnesota (chiefly at Leech Lake, Red Lake, and White Earth)", 8130: Wisconsin (chiefly at Lac Court Oreille. Lac de Flambeau, and La Pointe), 5100; North Dakota (Turtle :Moiintainl. 24(i0 : :Mich- igan. 700 on upper peninsula, with 5000 scattered Chippewa and Ottawa on Inwer iieninsula : Kan- s.as. mixed ilunsee and Chippewa. 00. Canad.a — all in Ontario Province, nn numerous small reservations, and variously designated as 'Chip- pewas.' 'Ojibbewas.' and 'Saulteaiix.' 10.700. be- sides Ojibbewas and Ottawas of Manitoulin and Corkburn islands. 1050. See Colored Plate of Indians, Amebicajj. 0. K. The story that General .Jackson used these letters' to indorse official papers as correct seems to have been started by Seba Smith (Major Downing), the humorist. It was a hit at .Jackson's supposed illiteracy, and as a party cry during the Presidential campaign of 1832 ac- quired great vogue. I'arton states tiiat .Jackson used to indorse legal documents 0. R., order re- corded, and the mistaking of the letters was probably the basis of Downing's jest. The term is also said to have originated with .Josh Billings and has been ascribed to several other persons. Jacob Astor is said to have used it to indicate the standing of traders about whom he was ques- tioned. In colonial days, the best tobacco and rum were imported from Au.x Cayes, and from this fact Aux Cayes (o ka) became a popular expression for excellence. OKA, o-kji'. A river of Central Russia, and the principal west atlluent of the Volga (Map: Russia, F 3 ). It rises on the southern boundary of the Government of Orel and flows in a genei'ally northeast direction with several large bends, join- ing the Volga at Nizhni-Novgorod after a course of 960 miles through the most fertile parts of Russia. The river is navigable for steamers to the town of Bielev, a distance of 802 miles, and for smaller vessels 32 miles farther to the city of Orel. It is a very important commercial route. O'KA. A mission settlement of Catholic Iro- quois, Nipissing, and Algonquin, on the Lake of Two Mountains, a few miles from Jlontreal, in Quebec Province, Canada. Oka is the Algonquin name, said to signify a pickerel, while the Iro- quois name, Canasadaga, by which it was for- merly known, refers to the position of the village on the slope of a hill. It was settled originally in 1720 by the Catholic Iroquois who had pre- viously been at the Sault au Kecollct and who numbered about 900 at the time of removal. They were soon afterwards joined by some Nipis- sing and Algonquin from the abandoned mission of Isle aux Tourtes. The two bodies occupy dif- ferent parts of the same village, separated by the church, the Iroquois using the Mohawk language while the others speak Algonquin. In 1881 a part removed to Gilson, Ontario, where they are now established. Those at Oka number now about 450. OKAPI, 6-k;i'pe (African name). An animal of the giraffe family (Ocapia Johnstoni), dis- covered in 1899 by Sir Harry .Johnston in the Semliki Forest of the Congo State. The animal stands about 4% feet high at the withers, and is of the peculiar form shown on the Plate of Giraffe axd Okapi. The head is giratl'e-like, but there are no external horns. The tail is rather short, and the neck is short and thick. The skull is characteristically giraffme and ex- hibits rudiments, or rather vestiges, of three horn-cores. The coloration as described by Sir Harry is extraordinary. The cheeks and jaws are yellowish white, contrasting with the <lark-col- ored neck. The forehead and a line down to the muzzle is a deep-red chestnut, and the large broad ears are of the same tint, fringed with black. The neck, shoulders, and body range in tone from sepia and jet-black to vinous red: the belly is blackish, the t.-iil chestnut with a small black tuft. Thv hind quarters and hind and fore legs are either snowy white or pale cream color, touched here and there with orange, and boldly