Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/902

* OINTMENT. 770 OJIBWA. losing its ointment-like character. It is em- ployed as a base when rapid absorption is wished, as sometimes happens in the case of mercury. Into the base is thoroughly- incorporated the sub- stance which, as u rule., gives to the ointment its remedial virtues. The greatest care is neces- sary to insure a minute subdivision of the medi- cinal element in order that the ointment may be homogeneous and free from gritty particles. The United States Pharnuicopceia recognizes twenty-seven ointments, but many more are made. Among the better known may be men- tioned zinc, suli)hur, and the various mercurial ointments. CoLU Cbe.vm (h-V.) is the popular name of rose-water ointment. OISE, wiiz. A northern de|)artmcnt of France, formed from parts of the former provinces of Ile-de-Franco and I'icardie. and lying on both sides of the Oise River, north of I'aris (Maj): J'rance, J 2). Its area is sf|uare miles. The surface is goncrally level and about two-thirds of it is cultivated, producing cereals, potatoes, sugar-beets, and lar"e quantities of fruit, in- cluding grapes. Stock-raising is well developed, as are the industries, covering the manufacture of iron, pottery, paper, chemicals, and textiles. Population, in'lSUl, 401,835; in I'JOl, 407,808. OISE. A river of Xorthern France. It rises among the Ardennes in Southern Belgium, flows southwest tlirougli the French departments of Jsord. Aisnc, Oise, and Scine-ol-Oise, and joins the Seine 15 miles northwest of Paris (Jlap: France, .J 2). Its length is IS!) miles, and it is navigable Sfi miles to Channy. A lateral canal follows part of its upper course, and other canals connect it with the Somme, the Sambre. and the Scheldt rivers. The princii)al towns on its banks are Compi&gne, Chauny, and Novon. OJEDA, .Vna'Da. .Vloxso de (1405-1515). A Spanish explorer, l)orn of noble parentage, in Cuenca, Spain. He accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, and from that time until his death was closely associated with the exploration and settlement of the newly discovered region. One of his first exploits was the capture by stratagem, in 1405, of the cacimie C'aonabo, who had formed a scheme for an alliance of all the natives against the Spaniards in Hispaniola. Four years later, accompanied by Columbus's former pilot, .Juan de la Cosa. and by Americns Vespucius, he succeeded in exploring the north- ern coast of South America from some point on the north coast of what we now call lirazil as far westward as the Gulf of .Maracaibo. lie made a second voyage in 1502. and for tres- passing nn territory given by the Papal bill to i'ortngal, was <ipon his return censured and heavily fined. In 1509, with about .SOO men, he sailed from Hispaniola to take possession, as finvernor. of Nneva. dalucta, which comprised the territory between the gulfs of t'rab.l (Darien) and Maracaibo. Xear the site of the present town of Cartagena he landed with a party of about seventy men in order to capture Indians for slaves, bit the jiarty was ovcr- powered, and only O.jedn an<l one other man escaped. A colony was then established at San Solinstian, but provisions soon ran so low that Ojeda set out for Hispaniola for supplies and reenforcements. The vessel was wrecked ofT the enast of Cuba, and Ojfda reached his destination only after great hardships. He was unable to fit out another expedition, and died in great poverty and misery at Santo Domingo. OJIB'WA, or CHIPPEWA. The largest and most inipurtant tribe of the Algonnuian stuck (q.v.), tormcrly holding au extensive territory about the upper threat Lakes, in Michigan, ilin- uesota, Ontario, Manitoba, and adjacent regions, and now gathered upon a number of reservations within the same area. The name is from a mot signifying "puckered,' or 'drawn up.' said by some authorities to refer to the peculiar sewing of the tribal moccasin, although this derivation is disputed. They call themselves usually Anishiiuibig, 'spontaneous men,' were known to the French as Ujibois, or Haultcurs, from their residence about Sault Saint Marie, and were commonly known to the English as Ojibwa, or in its corrupted form, Chijipctca. Although the Ojibwa are the largest tribe north of Mexico, yet, owing to their looseness of organization and remoteness from the settle- ment frontier, they were not proportionately conspicuous during the colonial period. Acconl- ing to their tradition they emigrated from the Saint Lawrence region in the east, in comjjany with the Ottawa and Potawatami, the three tribes sejiarating at Mackinaw, the two others going southward, while the t)jibwa spread west- ward along both shores of Lake Superior. The Cree, iMask<'gon, and Missisaga (qii.v.) are claimed by the Ojibwa as later olfshoots from their own tribe, and are sometimes so closely alliliated that they are hardly distinguished from the Ojibwa. The Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Po- tawatami, though differing in language, also formed a sort of loose confederacy, and ^yere sometimes for this reason designated in Indian councils as the 'Three Fires.' Vhen first known, about the year 1C50, the Ojibwa were conlimil to a comparatively narrow area close along the shore of Lake Superior, hemmed in by the hostile Sioux and Foxes on the west and south. On Iirocuring firearms from the traders, however, they became aggressive and soon drove out the Fo.xes from northern Wisconsin, compelling them to take refuge with the Sauk farther south. They then turned their attention to the Sioux, driving them from the headwaters of the ^Mississippi and continuing their victorious westward march until they had occupied the up]ier I'ed River coimtry ami established their frontier band in the Turtle Mountains, on the boundary between Dakota an<l Jlaniloba. In the meantime otiu'r bands of the tribe had overrun the Ontario peninsul.i. formerly conquered by the Iroquois from the Huron and others. These bands later became known as !Missisaga. Tlie Ojibwa first turned the westward tide of Iroquois invasion by inllicting upon tin m a disastrous defeat at the place thereafti'r known to^he Indians as 'The Place of Iroquois Bones,' now Point Iroquois, near Sault Sainte Marie. Throughout the colonial wars they adhered to the French side and later to Pontiac. but took sides with the F.nglish and Tecnmseh against the .mericans in the Revolution and War of 1S12, joining with other tribes in the general treaty of peace in 1815. Since then they have been at pence with the whites. By a general treaty of 1825 for the adjustment of intertribal boundaries in the Northwest the Oovernment made an end to the hereditary war between the Ojibwa and the Sioux. By other treaties, on both sides of the