Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/898

* OIL-BEETLE. 766 OILCLOTH. OIL-BEETLE. Any of the blister-beetles of the family MeloidiE, particularly those of the type genus ileloi-. See Blister-Beeti£. OIL-BIBD. See Gu.*^cnABO. OIL-CAKE. The residue which remains in the press when seeds are crushed to express the oil which they contain. Oil-cake still retains a portion of the oil of the seed, along with al- most all its other constituents, and is valuable either for feeding cattle or for manure. As it is too rich in i)rteins and fats to be given alone, it is mixed, for feeding, with hay, straw, or cereals. Sometimes the cake is ground, in which case the product is known as oil meal. The amount of oil remaining in the cake depends upon the process employed in expressing; whether by simple pressure, by pressure com- bined with heat, or by a solvent, as carbon disul- pliide or jietroleum ether. From 8 to 10 per cent, of oil is now left in the cake when c.tracted by the latter raetliod, but when solvents were first introduced they e.tracted the oil so completely as to make the cake of little value for cattle food. The accompanying table gives the composition of a number of the most important oil cakes : portance until after 1859, when the vast oil wells were developed. It was incorporated as a borough in 18U3 and in 1874 it received a city charter. On June 5, 1892, a quantity of burning oil swept down Oil Crtx!k from Titusville, 18 miles above Oil City, and caused the loss of over 100 lives and of property valued at more than $1,000,000. Population, in 1890, 10,932; in 1900, 13,264. OILCLOTH. A coarse canvas, coated on both sides, and partly saturated with thick oil- paint, one side having usually a colored pattern printed upon it in oil-paint. The canvas basis for oilcloth is usually jute or burlap. This is first sized by drawing through troughs tilled with liquid glue, rye flour, tapioca, or varnish, different manufacturers employing different ma- terials. As the canvas passes through the trough the surplus sizing is squeezed out by rollers between which it passes. In making the very wide varieties, the canvas is put upon a frame first and the sizing applied with a brush. After the cloth is -sized it is rubl)ed down thor- oughly with pumice-stone, either by hand or with steam rollers. The cloth then receives a coat of paint, composed of ochre, benzine, and COMPOSITIOX OF THE M09T IMPORTANT OIL-CaKES (From Sadtler*s Industrial Organic Ciiewistr^y) Water Fat Xon-nitropren- UUB materials. woody fibre Ash Protein material Nitrogen Percent. 11.50 13.00 10.12 11.35 11.40 10.56 9.60 9.50 10.20 10.00 9.30 10.00 10.33 Percent. 8. SO 7.50 9.23 9.00 8.00 9.83 9.20 8.90 8.50 8.26 8.43 9.20 10.10 Percent. 31.10 51.00 41.93 42.82 49.80 44.61 50.90 37.07 48.90 48.00 40.95 40.. W 38.80 Per cent. 7.25 8.50 c.48 0.28 5.30 6.50 7.00 11.43 11.40 12.2* 10.62 10.50 9.80 Per cent. 41.35 20.00 31.88 30.55 24.00 28.50 23.30 .32.50 21.00 21.60 30.40 30.00 31.93 Percent. C.8U 2.90 Uape-oil cake 5.011 4.511 8.20 4.25 Camelina cake 3.G0 Popp.v-oil cake Sunflower-olI cake 5.00 2.40 HempHeed cake 3. ,30 Paliu-nut cake 4.50 4.50 8e8ame-oil cake 6.00 .See COTTO.VSEED AXD ITS PKOOrCTS ; FLAX; Feedixg Stiffs. OIL CITY. A city in Venango County, Pa., 132 niilcs north by east of Pittsburg; on the Allegheny Kiver. at the mouth of Oil ('reck, and on the Erie, tfie Pennsylvania, and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, B 2). There are several bridges within the municipal limits, and Smithman's and Masson's parks. The more prominent struc- tures include the Carnegie Free Library, city hospital, high school, the Oil Exchange, and the office buildings of the Standard Oil Company, Oil City is the centre of the celcbrateil petroleum fields of western Pennsylvania, and has large refineries and barrel works; also foundries and machine shops, tubing and casing works, boiler and engine shops, and manufactories of oil-well supplies. Under a charter of 1889, the govern- ment is vcstt>d in a mayor, elected every three years, a bicameral council, and administrative oiricers, most of whom arc clecled by the council or confirmed by that body on nomination of the mayor. Tlic treasurer, comptroller, assessors, con- stables, and school board, however, are chosen by popular vote. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Oil City was settled abo>it 1825, but dill not become of any particular im- linseed oil. The surface is afterwards evened down by passing the cloth through a series of metal blades, which scrai)e off the su|iorlluou8 paint. The surface is again rubbed down with pumice-stone ami the process of painting and rubbing down is repeated many times, the num- ber determining the quality of the cloth. The next step is the applying of the )iattcrn. The pattern is carved on wooden blocks, a separate block for each color. The blocks are of pine, faced with a thin layer of harder wood, which is glued on. The part of the design assigned to each block is carved in relief upon it. The color is applied by rollers, which have taken up the coloring matter from troughs. The printing of the cloth is done by machinery. The cloth passes over a table and under the blocks, which have a rising and falling motion. The clolh is now passed to the drvingroom. wlierc the process of drying is hastened by artificial heat. When dry and hard the cloth is varnished, trimmed, and rolled. Manufacturers sometimes use instead of the car^-ed blocks, pin blocks, which consist • three layers of wood firmly cemented togethii The surface block is divided up into a series of pegs and interstices by sawing the block in lines very close together and at right angles to e.ich other. All the pegs not necdc<l for outlining the