Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/895

OHIO. the time of its admission to 1836. In that year it voted with the Whigs, and since then has been Whig and Republican, with the exception of the years 1848 and 1852, when it cast its vote for Cass and Pierce respectively. The following have been the Governors of Ohio:

. Short, Ohio: A Sketch of Industrial Progress (Cleveland, 1882); Howells, Recollections of Life in Ohio, 1813-40 (Cincinnati, 1895). For the archæology, consult: Thomas, “The Problem of the Ohio Mounds,” in Smithsonian Institute Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1889); Moorehead, Primitive Man in Ohio (New York, 1890); Shepherd, Antiquities of the State of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1890); Maclean, Mound Builders (Cincinnati, 1897); and Fowke, Archæological History of Ohio (Columbus, 1903); King, Ohio, American Commonwealth Series (Boston, 1888); Atwater, History of the State of Ohio (Cincinnati, 1838); Hinsdale, The Old Northwest (New York, 1899); Burnet, Notes on Early Settlement of the Northwestern Territory (Cincinnati, 1847); Matthews, Ohio and Her Western Reserve (New York, 1902); Smith (ed.), The Saint Clair Papers (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1885); Bliss (ed.), Diary of David Zeisberger (2 vols., ib., 1885); Cutler, Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler (2 vols., ib., 1888); Thompson, Bibliography of Ohio (ib., 1880).  OHIO COMPANY. In American history, the name applied to two companies organized for the purpose of exploiting and making settlements in the Ohio Valley. The first was an association of prominent Virginia planters and some London merchants, and was organized in 1749. It received from George II. a grant of 500,000 acres

of land lying chiefly south of the Ohio River, in what is now West Virginia. Thomas Lee, president of the Virginia Council, was the originator of the scheme, and Lawrence Washington, a brother of George Washington, was one of the leading members. In 1772 the Walpole Company secured from the King a grant of the whole territory southeast of the Ohio from the Pennsylvania boundary to a point opposite the mouth of the Scioto. The Ohio Company now became merged in the Walpole Company. A second company, known as the ‘Ohio Company of Associates,’ was formed at Boston in March, 1786, by officers and soldiers, chiefly of the Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island lines, for the purchase and settlement of Western lands. Gen. Rufus Putnam, Samuel H. Parsons, and Manasseh Cutler were chosen as directors, and the lands selected for purchase lay along the Ohio River on both sides of the Muskingum. After considerable delay the company secured a grant upon favorable terms from Congress and the contract was formally signed in October, 1787, by the Treasury Board of Congress and by Dr. Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, acting as agents of the Ohio Company. In December, several companies of surveyors, carpenters, smiths, farmers, and others, under the leadership of General Putnam, emigrated to the new territory, arriving in April, 1788. Opposite Fort Harmer they laid out a town which was named Marietta in honor of the French Queen, Marie Antoinette. Consult: King, History of Ohio (Boston, 1888); and McMaster, History of the People of the United States, vol i. (New York, 1883). See .  OHIO RIVER. The most important affluent of the Mississippi River in point of the amount of commerce, and the longest tributary excepting the Missouri (Map:, J 3). It is formed by the junction at Pittsburg of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, and is navigable, excepting at the lower stages of water, from Pittsburg to its confluence with the Mississippi, 975 miles. After leaving Pennsylvania it flows between Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois on the right, and West Virginia and Kentucky on the left. Its drainage basin is over 200,000 square miles, and the rainfall over the basin averages 43 inches a year. Its discharge of water averages 158,000 cubic feet a second, surpassing that of the Missouri by nearly 40,000 cubic feet. The elevation of the river above the sea is 1021 feet at Pittsburg and 322 feet at its mouth. Its mean rate of flow is 3 miles an hour, and its mean fall is about .70 of a foot to the mile. The Allegheny and Monongahela are regarded as having equal claims as the source of the river, though the Allegheny is longer, with 123 miles of navigation. The Allegheny rises on the plateau of northern Pennsylvania west of the Allegheny Mountains, drains Lake Chautauqua in New York, and descends through a series of narrow valleys to its junction with the Monongahela. The latter river (navigable for 60 miles) draws its farthest supplies from the rains and melting snows of the upland Allegheny valleys in the centre of West Virginia, and in the lower part of its course passes through a valley composed of Carboniferous rocks, where coal is mined almost at the water's edge. Below Pittsburg the Ohio winds through a wide flood plain between the inclosing hills, receiving waters from the north that rise