Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/868

* ODESSA. 738 ODOACER. port of Russia in regard to exports in gonoral. Of the annual exports of over $50,000,000, grain, mainly wheat, forms from 05 to 75 per eent. The remainder consists of animals and animal prod- ucts, sugar, and lumber. The im])orts, valued at about $25,000,000, consist of machinery, coal, chemicals, and various manufactured products. In its imports Odessa is exceeded only by Saint Tetersburg and Reval. At the head of the ad- ministration of the city is the prefect, or gradon- atchalnik. appointed by the central (Jovernmcnt. The municipal assembly, or duma, consists of 60 members, elected by all citizens owning real estate. The mayor is elected by the city council. The budget of the city balances at about $2,000,- 000. For further details as to municipal govern- ment, see article Russia, section on Oocern- ■tfient. The environs of Odessa are very picturesque and offer numerous scacoast resorts. The three salt-water lakes, or limans, Kuyalnik, Khadji- Bey, and Klein Liebenthal, are much frequented by invalids. The population increased with remarkable rai)idity during the last century. The first set- tlers were mostiv Greeks. Italians, and Albani- ans, and in 1S02 numbered 9000. In I'lOl the poptdation was 450,218. of whom nearly one-third were .lews. The foreign population is about 30,000. Odessa takes its name from the Greek settle- ment, Odessus, which existed here in ancient times. In the fifteenth century the Turks con- structed on the present site the fortress of Khadji-Bey, which was taken by the Russians in 17S!1. ' In 1711.3 the place was fortified by the Rus- sians and a year later received its present name. The growth of the town was fostered by Paul 1. and by the wise and beneficent administration of the Due de Richelieu. In 1817 it was declared a free port, and this decree, remaining in force till 1850, made possible Odessa's commercial suprem- acy in Southern Russia. In 1854 it was bom- barded by the allied English and French naval forces. ODE'XJM (Lat., from Gk.uSclov, odeion, from ej(i;/, '<(/»"■, song). The Greek name for a public building devoted to musical performances. The earliest Odeum in Athens seems to have been Ijuilt by Pericles, and was a circular building with a* conical roof in imitation of the tent of Xer.xes. It had many pillars within, and thus, did not resemble the theatre. It was intended . for the musical competitions at the Panathenica, but was later used for other purposes. It was burned during Sulla's siege of Athens (B.C. 86), but was .soon rebuilt by Arinbarzanes II.. King of C'ap|)adocia. In Ronuin times the name was em- ployed todesignatea small theatre. with a roof. and such buildings became common in (irecian cities. In .thcns there were two: one creeled by .grippa. near the market; the otiicr, of which the walls still remain, at the southwest of the Acropolis, built by Herodes Atticus shortly after A.n. 100 in memory of bis wife. Regilla. Consult Dilrpfeld. "Die verscbiedenen Odeen in Athen." in Mitthei- luiiorn <lrs drulsrhcn uirliiiolmiixrhrn Iiisliliil.i in Alhcn, vol. xvii. (Athens, 1802), O'DIN (leel. 0|<<ui, AS. Kodrn, OHO. Wuo- Inn: probably connected with Goth, inldn, pos- sessed, .S. iiiirl, OHG. iriiol. frenzied, Ger. Wut. frenzy, Olr. fiiilh, Lat. rales, poet). The chief god of Xorthern mylliology. According to the sagas, Odin and liis brothers, Veli and Ve, the sous of Boer, or the first-born, slew Ymir or Chaos, and from his body created the world, con- verting his tlesh into dry land ; his blood, which at first occasioned a Hood, into the sea ; his bones into mountains; his skull into the vault of heaven ; and his brows into the spot known as Uidgard, the middle part of the earth, intended for the habitation of men. Odin rules heaven and earth, and is omniscient. His seat is Valask- jalf, from whence his two black ravens, llugin (Thought) and llunin (Memory), (ly daily to gather tidings of all that is being done through- out tlic world. As god of war', he holds his court in Valhalla, whither come all brave warriors after death to revel in the tumultous joys in which they took most pleasure while on earth. His greatest treasures are his eight-footed steed Sleipner, his spear Gungner, and his ring Draup- ner. By drinking from Mimir's fountain he be- came the wisest of gods and men, but he pur- chased the distinction at the cost of one eye. Frigga is his queen, and the mother of Balder, but he has other wives and favorites, and numer- ous sons and daughters. O'DO. or ETIDES, ed. of Bayelx (c.lO.SG- 07). The half-brother of William I. of England. He was made Bishop of Bayeux about 1040. He took [lart in the Xorman conquest of England in 10(iO, and received the earldom of Kent ; but it is possible that he never received the title of earl. During William's absence from England in 10G7 he was one of the two regents and seems to have ruled very tyrannically. Later he fell under William's displeasure and was imprisoned for over four years. He was released by William Rufus. against whom he rebelled in 1088 and was consequently banished from England. He died at Palermo in 1007, while on his way to join the crusading armies. Consult Freeman, AocwK/ii Con<iiivst. vol. iv. (Oxford, I87I). ODO, or EUDES, or Paris (C.S57-0S). King of France from 888 to 808. He was the son of ' Robert the Strong, progenitor of the Cajjetians. Olio was Duke of France, Count of Paris, and the defender of the city during the siege by the Xorthnien in 88(1. Ilis father's popularity and his own valor caused him to be chosen King of the West Franks in 888. after the deposition of Charles the Fat. His reign was troubled by re- bellions on the part of the supporters of Charles the Simiile. the Carolingian heir. Odo kept the kingdom, but before his death, .Tanuary 1. 808, recommended his followers to recognize Charles as his successor. ODOA'CER, or OD'OVA'CER (?-403). Ruler of Italy from 470 to 40.3. He was the son of .Kdico. a nolile of the race of the Scyrii, and saw his first military service probably in the army of Orestes, father of the young Romulus ,ugU8- tuliis, last Emperor of the West. Odoaccr per- ceived the weakness of the new ruler, and re- solved to profit by it. He had little dimculty in persuading the barbarian soldiery (hat Italy Ih longed to them, and in their name demanded of Orestes the third part of the land as the reward of their help. Orestes refused: and Odoaccr. at the head of his Scyrii. Herulians, Rugians, and Tnreilingians, marched against Pavia, which Orestes had garrisoned, stormed the city, and put his opponent to death (470). Romulus abdi-