Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/862

* OCTAVIA. 732 OCTROI. guilty intercourse with the Egyptian Queen. In li.c. 35 Uftavia made an ett'oit to rescue him from a degradation that lel'l him indili'erent even to the honor of the Koman arms, and sailed from Italy with reenforcements; but a message reached her at Athens ordering her to return home. !She proudly obeyed, but, with a magnanimity that reminds us of the Roman character in earlier and better days, she forwarded the supports to her husband. Her brother was indignant at the treatment she had received, and wouUl have had her leave her husband's house, and come and live with him; but she refused. When, in B.C. 31, war. long inevitable, broke out between her brother and Antonius, the latter crowned his insults by .sending Octavia a notice of divorce. After her husband's death, she brought up with maternal care not onlv her own children, but also those of Cleopatra, ller death took place in B.C. 11. Her son Mareellus (q.v.) was adopted by Aiigustus as his successor, but died in B.C. 23. OCTAVIA (c.42-62). A Roman empress, wife of Nero. She was the daugliter of Claudius and ilessalina and married Nero when he was sixteen and she eleven. He deserted her for Acte, and then for Poppa>a. at whose request she was divorced and sent to Campania. She was soon I'ecalled because of the outburst of anger on the part of the Roman populace : but, through Poppiea's Jealousy, a charge of adultery was brought against her and she was sent to the island of I'andataria and there killed when she was only twenty. The tragedy OrtavUt, of which she is the heroine, usually attributed to Seneca, is [uobably by some other author, perhaps Curi- atius Matcnius. OCTAVIAN. See Aigustu.s. OCTO-BASS. A double bass invented by Vuillainne in 1851. It is of enormous dimen- sions, four meters high, ami has three .strings (C„ G„ C), which are stopped by mechanism. The tone is powerful and nudlow, but, owing to its enormous size, it is not used in orchestras. OCTOBER. See MoNTll. OCTOCORALOiA (NeoLat., from Lat. oclo, eight -f- coraUum, coral). A subclass of eoelen- terates. The families Alcyonidic, I'ennatulidse. and (Jorgonida- arc represented by scattered fossil re- mains throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic for- mations. -Another family, the Helioporidic, ap- pears in the Tertiary and Mcsozoic, and seems to be represented in the Paleozoic by. the Helioli- tidie, an important group of reef-building corals of somewhat uncertain affinity that exhibits analogies to the l''.ivositida> and ClitetetidiB. See Coral: and Heliolites. OCTOP'ODA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. OKru-dvr. iiLli'ipoux. having eight feet, from oKToi^ oh'to, eight + ~oix, poiifi. foot ) . An order of dibrancliiate ccphalopods having eight arms, the suckers on which are sessile and devoid of horny rims. It includes the argonaut and the various species of Octopus ((|(|.v. ). OCTOPUS (Neo-Lat., from Ok. oKrurrocf. oktopous. having eight feet). The type genus of the Octopoda (q.v,). differing from the squid and enttlefish in having eight instead of ten arms, all of the same size, nnil a pear-shaped or sack- like body. The arms arc connecteil at the hase by a web. Two cartilaginous stylets imbedded in the dorsal mantle are said by Owen to represent the shell. The body of the' 'poulpe,' 'devilfish,' or octopus, is baggy, short, soft, with no fins. It lives in interstices of coral reefs, among rocks, and the like. The right arm of the third ]iair is hectocotylized in the male, i.e. the arm is modi- fied in various ways, but is never detached and A HECTOCOTYLIZED .K.M. left within the female, as in the argonauts. The best known species is Octopus vulgaris, of the Mediterranean and West Indies, which may reach a length of nine feet and weigh upward of 60 pounds. A tropical .species (Octopus granu- latus) is shown on the Colored Plate of Octopods AND Decapods, under Dec.poda. Octopus Bairdii inhabits the Gulf of JIaine at a depth of from 50 to 100 fathoms. On the OCTOPUS DAIRDU. 1. .attitude in swimming (toward the left). 2. .attitude when at rest. southern coast of the Eastern United States from (ape llatteras down is an octopus whose arms expand nearly four feet. The Pacific coast spe- cies is Octopus punctatus, which is known to ex- pand 14 feet from tip to tip of the outstretched arms. It lives just below low-water mark and is caught and impaled by means of a pointed stick by Chinese and Italians, who use it as an article of food. At times pearl-divers and shell- ciillcctors on the coral reefs may be attacked and hurt by octopods. as they are armed with fiirmidable teeth; the dilficulty of tearing away their arms and the fright caused by their hideous appearance are said to have resulted in death. The ordinary food of this animal is shellfish and other invertebrates. Consult; The Sinndnrd yatural Uixton/ (Boston. 1885); Packard. Zo- olofin (New York. ISA") ; Cooke. Cambridge iilurnl Uislorif, vol. iii. (London, 1890). OCTOSTYLE (Lat. octasti/lus. from Ok. oitrri- of, oktasti/los, having eight columns, from tiKTu, oklO, eight + crriJof, stulns, column). The name given in classic architecture to a temple or other building with eight columns across the front. OCTROI, Ak'trwii' (Fr.. grant). The term applied to the toll or tax in kind levied from a very earlj* period in France, and other countries