Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/812

* NtTKEMBERG. 690 NURSERY LORE. BiBUOGRAPHT. Baadcr, Dcr Keichsstadt Xiinir herg letztes Schicksal unil ilir Uebergang an Baytrn (Nuremberg, 1863) ; Schultheiss, .Y«ni- hcry (2d ed., ib., 1882) ; Reieke, Geschichtc der Rvichsatadt Sitriibcrg (ib.. 18S)G| ; Rf'e, Wamlir- iingen durch das alle yUrnhirg (,Sd ed.. ib., 180ti) ; id., Niirnberg: Enticicldung seiner h'unst J>i» zum Ausgange dts uchtzehntin Jahrhundcrls (Leipzig, 1900) ; Jlummenbofl", Der Rcichnstadt Jiiirnbcrg gcschiclillicher Entiiyiclxlungxgang (ib., 1898) ; id., Die Htirg su yiirnberg (Nuremberg, 1809). NURSE-FROG. A term applied to various frogs which t^ike care of their ,voung or eggs, or both, especially the midwife frog (q.v.). Some curious examples are to be found in the genera riiyllobates, Arthroleptis, Khacopliorus, and among the tree-frogs. NURSERY (from nurse, OF. norice, nourice, Kr. iiourriee, nurse, from Lat. iiutrix. nur.se, trom nutrire, to nourish; connected with Cioth. ituups, OHG. >iOt, tier. Xot, AS. lu'tid, iii/d, Kng. >i«'rf, OPruss. iiaiiti, necessity). In horticultural parlance, a place where plants are propagated. In the New World tlic term is usually restricted to those establishments devoting themselves ex- clusively to the rearing of woody plants, while the rearing of herl)aceous plants is chissed as a department of lloriculture. This division has been the natural result of the enormous demand for plants of botli classes, and as one class requires a veiy ditl'ercnt eqviipment from the otiier, the tendency toward specialization soon separated the two departments. A further differ- entiation is being made, a division along the line of fruit-bearing trees and plants and the ornamental or decorative trees and plants. During the last decade the nursery liusiness has changed in its metho<i most markedly. The nurseryman who grows his own stock, other tluin peach stock, is the exception rather than the rule. Nearly all the pear and cherry stocks used in America are grown in France; wliile a great bulk of the apple stocks used in the I'nited States are raiseil on the deep soils of the prairie by specialists in this line. Since the work of the modern fruit-tree nursery is to produce as large and straight a stock in as short a space of time as possilde. and since the prevailing belief is that more than one crop of nursery stock cannot be successfully grown on anv- given piece of land, new soils are chosen for each crop of nursery stock. . nursery is, therefore, a tran- sient afTair. and the plants are usually grown on lands leased for short periods. Sinc'c the propagation of forest and nniamental trees seems to Ijc less subject to the objection, viz. impover- ishment of soil, urged against fruit trees, most of the nurseries engaged in this work are more permanent in their location, romparatively few [dant.s of this character are biidded and grafted; most of the skill of the propagator is demanded in perpetuating species from seeds and oittings. The history of the nursery business began with the colonization of. ierica. .s early as 1708 Thomas Young of New York was awarded a l>riz«> of £10 for the largest number of apple trees, the nundior being 27.12.'?. The great nursery interests of the country have from the first been located in western New York. The growth of the enterprise has kept pace with the ileniands made by the rapidly increasing com- mercial orchard and vineyard development. Sta- tistics of the census of" 1900 show that there were in the United States 4.i00 nurseries, cover- ing an acreage of over 172,800 acres, representing an investment of .$52,500,000. In these nurseries 4.'),000 men. 2279 women, and 14.200 animals were employed, anil 3.400,000.000 plants were grown. Of 'these, 518,000,000 were fruit trees, and (i85,li00,000 grape vines and small fruits. The greatest number of plants of a single species was represented by the apple, of which there were 240,500,000. or more than twice as many trees as were then standing in the orchards of the country. The influence of the leading nurseries on the liorticulture of the country lias Ik'cii very marked. Previous to the development of the e.perinient stations their ollice was (|uite as much to test the merits as to propagate and disseminate a variety. The aim of all leading nurseiymen has been to stimulate trade and maintain a high reputation through honest dealing and the dis- semination of stock true to name. The sale of spurious stock has wiuked great injury by re- tarding develo|)ment in localities naturally well suited to orcharding. These evils do not exist in developed orchard areas. New fruits intro- duced from abroad brought with them their nat- ural enemies, the spread of which to other plants has led to the enactment of inspection laws in all States in which either the orchard or nurserj' business lias attained an important place. These laws require the inspection of the orcliards and nurseries for certain insect pests and fungous disea.ses, and proliiliit the sale of in- fested stock, which must be destroyed. If the stock is free from the specified pe.sts the nursery- man is granted a certificate to that effect, and it is taken as a passport in shipping from State to State. NURSERY LORE. The folklore of cliildnn. The material may be separated into two classes, according as it consists of traditional sayings and usages which have been handed down by mothers and nurses, or of customs maintained and transmitted by the children themselves. To the former class belong those nursery rhymes and jingles which are ascribed to Mother Goose, a name adapted from the French, In 197 Charles Perrault is.sued a few tales, popular in origin but of literary ornamentation, which he called i'ontcs de ma mere I'oge. This designation was not invented by Perrault, for the goose had long had a poimlar repute as a story teller. .bout 1700 .T. Newbery. the first publisher of books for children, produced a little collection of rhymes to which he gave the name of Mother Ouoxc's Melody. In 1810 J. Ritson brought out Gainmcr (lurton's Garland, or the Xtir.ierg Parnassus, in which lie included some rhymes not given liy Newbery, between 1824 and 1827 Munroe and Francis, Boston, Mass., issued an expanded edition inder the title of Mother Goose's Quarto, or Melodies Complete, reprinted in lSH;t as Mother Goose's Melodies, and the popularity of this publication may have something to do with the widespread acceptance of the name. I'p to this time nursery rhymes were not learned from books, but repeated by word of mouth; it seems likely that the tradi- tional stock was similar to that which has found a place in print.