Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/774

* NOVA SCOTIA. 658 NOVATIAN. Population. The returns of tlie population for Ibltl and ll'Ol were respectively 4oU.olt(and 4.')!)..'i74. Nearly all of the inhabitants are of British origin, the Scotch being in the majority. There is not so much unoccupied territory as in the other provinces (exc-eplmg I'rince Kdward Island), and the density ot population — 22 jwr square mile — is accordingly greater. Halifax, the seventh largest city of the Dominion, had a population in lUOI of 40,700. Sydney, in Cai>e ihcton Island, had a population of 9900, a gain of 75 per cent, during the decade. Kei.igion akd Edi cation. While the Catholic Church is numerically the strongest, it cont^iins but a little over one-third of the church follow- ing in the province. The Presbyterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and Methodists follow in the order named. The groat interest in education is shown by the fact that 1 out of every 4.4 of the popula- tion attends school. The schools are free and undeufiininatioual ; tlicre are no separate Catholic or Protestant schools maintained by the public system, as in Ontario and Quel)ec. The members of the Executive Council constitute the Council of Public Instruction, which, together with the Superintendent of Education, is at the head of the school system. The schools are carefully superintended, and gradation and uniformity of methods are generall.v maintained. There is one academy in each eountv. The province maintains a normal school, but no university. The total cost of the school system in 1901 was .$8.58 per enrolled child. About two-iifths of this is borne by (iovernment grants and mu- nicipal aid, the rest by local taxation. The following are the denominational colleges: Acadia University, at Wolfville (Haptist); King's College (Episcopalian), at Windsor, the oldest chartered university in Canada ; Saint Francois Xavier College, and Saint Anne's Col- lege (Catholic) : and Dalhousie University, at Halifax — the last being undenominational, but receiving the support of the Presbvterian Cluirch. History. Nova Scotia is believed to have Ix-en first discovered in 1407 b.v .John Cabot, who s:iled under the English Hag. It is probable that the Portuguese navigator Cortereal explored the coast in 1500. The first settlers, however, were the French, who took possession of the eountrv in virtue of the explorations of Verrazano. Car- tier, the Marquis dc la Kochc. and Champlain. Fn^nch iishermen freipiented this locality, and in 1598 Henry IV. of France granted .eadia, as the country was called, to ]>e la Roche. In 1004 the first settlement was made by the Sieur de Monts. Samuel de Champlain, and the Baron de Poutrincourt on the island of Saint Croix. This was removed in the following year to Fort Royal ( . napolis). Throughout the French tenure the colonists of ew England made at- tempts to obtain possession of the country, and in Hi'21 Sir William .Mexander (q.v.) obtained from James I. of England a grant of .cadia. which was now named Xova Scotia. In 1710 the Eng- lish captured Port Royal, and in 171.'t. by the Treaty of l"trecht. l''rance gave up its claim to the country, except to Cape Breton or Isle Roynlc. which was ceded in 170.3. In order to (U'stroy the French influence, which continued to predominate, the Fnglish Government in 1755 dejiorlcd a large number of the Frcncli .<adiaiis. estimated at more than 0000 (probably about half of the (otal population of French descent), and scattered them among English colonists from Massa- chusetts to Ceorgia. This act forms the theme of Longfellow's Evunijvlinc. A blow was also struck at the French intluence by the founding in 1749 of Halifax, which became a distinctly English centre. The developuient of the country was greatly aided by the arrival of Scotch settlers and by the large number of loyalists who left the United Slates at the time of the Revolution. Until 175S the control of the colony was almost completely in the hands of the Ciovcrnor ap- pointed by the King, but in that year the fiust Legislature was created. The country increased in ]iopulation to such an- extent that in 1784 the Province of Xcw Brunswick was formed from a part of its territory. The history of Xova Sc-otia since 1784 forms a part of the general history of Canada (q.v.). Consult: Haliburton, Papers on the IJ i story and Hcsourccs of Xova Scotia (Halifax, 18(52); Dawson, JJaiidbook of the Gvoijrajihii and .Sdliiral Uhtory of Soca fieotia (Uth ed., Pictoii. 1803) ; Selwyn and Dawson, Descriptive Sketch of the J'h!)sical Gcofiruphy and (Icology of the Dominion of Canada (Jlontreal, 1884) ; Xova Scotian In- stiliitr of Science l'rocecdin<is and Traiuiaetions (Halifax, 1870 et seq.) : Morley, Record of Travel in Xova Scotia (New York. 1900); and the authorities referred to under Canada. NOVATI, n<Vva't4, Francesco (1859--). An Italian philologist, born in Cremona. He was made professor at the Academy of Milan in 1883, and went thence to Palermo (1880), to Ccnoa (1889), and to Milan (1892). By the establish- ment of the (liornalc storieo delta lettcrntnra italiana (1883, with Graf and Renier), and by constant contributions to the (liurnale storieo and the Sliidj di filoloijia roman:a, he did much to spread the knowledge of his special branch of study throughout his own country and Europe. He devoted his attention especially to the Renais- 'k sancc. A numl)er of his critical essays are col- i3 Icrted in the volume Studj critici e hiternri (1889). He also published the Corre.fitondenoe of Coluccio SalutatI (1891-96). NGVATIAIT. A Roman presbyter of the] third century, noted chielly for the .schism toy which he gave his name. According to a late i a(<-ount, he was Iwrn in Phrygia. but it is morel l)r(ibable that he was a native of the West. He' was converted in mature life, during an illness, and received only 'clinical' baptism (an incom- '' plete form of the rite, sometimes administered «;, to the sick), which was afterwards cliargcd i!' against him as a canonical defect, yet did not j hinder his ordination lo the priesthood. D ing y the vacancy in the Roman See caused hy the Deeiaii per-ecuticm (2.50-251). when tlie prcs-, bytt'rs directed the alTairs of the Church, X'ova- lian <piickl.v assumed the leadership ;imong them. It was ho who wrote two of the letters addressed b.v th<" Roman clcrg.v to Cyprian. In the discus- siim about the lapsed (i.e. apostates in the JJcr-' .secution), N'ovatian insisted upim excluding them from fellowship, in opposition (o (he milder * discipline advocated by the newl.v elected Bishop, Cornelius. Many of the clergy sympathizing with Xovafian, he was jnit forwanl as rival bishop, wtiereupon he was ])roiiouncc(l schismatic by a Roman synod, and exconununicated (251), This action, however, failed to clieck the move- ment he had inaugurated. The Novatianists, or }| ■I