Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/705

* NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. 605 NORMANDY. noi'tli of France, during wliifh tlicy Inid indulged in wholesale burning of cliurches and monaste- ries, the Normans began to rebuild religious structures on a larger scale, as a consequence of their conversion. They accordingly e-vpanded the dimensions, while to a great e.xlent at lirst re- taining the style of the buildings they found in France. They seem also to liave borrowed some of their ideas from the Rhine, and from Loni- bardy, especially the use of vaulting. They car- ried the architecture of their province and of France with them to England with the Conquest, and even to South Italy, where they established a great kingdom in the eleventh century. The leading characteristics of their style were great size, simplicity', and massiveness. They adopted the old Basilical plan of central and side aisles and semicircular apse, though the square apse was sometimes used in England toward the close of the style. They seized on the tower as a dis- tinguishing feature, and developed it a.s their style progressed, placing one usually on each side of the facade. The ornaments are simple and of great variety; but the most common and dis- tinctive are the zigzag, billet, chevron, nail-head, etc. The windows and doors are simple, with semicircular arched heads — the former without tracery. The tynijianum of the door-arcli is oc- casionally filled with sculpture. The nave arches are carried sometimes on heaN-y single pillars in English examples, but more frequently, espe- ciallj- as the style advanced, on piers with shafts. Owing to the great size of the buildings, the architects were unable at first to vault the main aisle, which, accordingly, had usually a wooden roof, the side aisles onl.y being vaulted. In France, however, vaulting of the nave became common after 1100, though not in England. Tlic masonry was at first rude, the joints be- ing large, and the stones hewn with the axe; but in the twelfth century the technique improved with the use of the cliisel. The style prevailed from about the beginning of the eleventh century until the rise of Gothic in the thirteenth. There are many examples in Xormandy. the churches at Caen being well-known buildings of the date of William the Conqueror. The chapel in the white tower of the Tower of London is the ear- liest example of pure Xorman work in England. The development of vaulting in the French sec- tion of the Norman school furnished the models for the development of the (iothic method of ribbed vaulting, while the English section re- mained stationary and maintained itself longer than in France, until early in the thirteenth century. The Normans, while good builders, did little in sculpture, painting, or the minor arts. HlliLiOGR.PiiY. The most important publica- tion is Ruprich-Robert, L'nrchitecture nnrmande (Paris, 1SS4-00), which illustrates the principal I buildings both in Normandy and in F.nglnnd. An I even fuller illustration is given in Dehio and 1 Bezold, Kirchlirhe Baukunst des Abendlandes { (Stuttgart, 1802). NOR'MANBY, Coxstantine Henry Piiipps, ' Maniuis of ( 17i)7-186.3). An English states- I man and author. He was the eldest son of the I first Earl ihilgrave. He was educated at Har- row and Cambridge, and became member of Par- liament for Scarborough in 181 S. Although of a Tory family, he acted with the Liberals : his first speech was in favor of the political claims of the Roman Catholics, and his second advocated Lord John KusselTs proposals for Parliamentary reform. He succeeded to the title in 1831, and soon after was made Governor of Jamaica, where he successfully executed the act for the emanci- pation of the slaves, and suppressed without loss of life a mutiny of the soldiers. Returning to England, he succeeded the Earl of Carlisle as Lord Privy Seal in 1834. He was T-ord Lieuten- ant of Ireland (1835-39), and displayed an im- partiality which won the approbation of O'Con- nell. He was made a marquis at the coronation of Victoria, and was Colonial .Secretary for a short time in 1839, but was soon transferred to the home department, where he remained till 1841. From 1840 to 1852 he was Ambassador at Paris, and from 1854 to 1858 at Florence. He published A Year of RecoUition (1857), contain- ing his personal observations at Paris, and a number of novels, including: Matilda (1825), Yes and A"o (1828), and The Contrast (1832). NORTVCANDY (Fr. yormandie) . A former province of France, bordering on the English Channel. Its capital was Rouen. It is com- prised in the modern departments of Seine-In- ffrieure, Eure, Orne, Calvados, and La ilanche. In the northeastern part of Normandy (formerly Tapper Normandy) are the towns of Rouen, Dieppe, Havre, Harfleur, Honfieur, Lisieux, Ev- reux, Yvetot; in the southern and western parts (Lower Normandy) arc Caen, the chief town, Falaise, Saint-Lo, Bayeux, Coutances, Avranches, Granville, Alengon, and Cherbourg. In the time of the Romans the region was in- cluded in Gallia LiiriduHcnsis Srcuiida. L'nder the Frankish monarchs it formed a part of Neustria, and came to be known as Normandy after Charles the Simple, in 911 (912?), bail given it to Hrolf or Rollo, the leader of a band of Norse rovers (see Normans), as a fief of the French Crown. From Hrolf (baptized under the name of Robert) and Gisela. the daughter of Charles the Simple, sprang the dukes of Nor- mandy, of whom Richard I. (grandson of Hrolf) vigorously maintained his aiithority against his liege lords, Louis IV. and Lothaire. William IL, son of Robert II. , le Diahlc. became Duke of Nor- mandy in 1035. and in lOtJO established a Nor- man djTiasty on the throne of England (see Wil- liam I.), thereby politically luiiting Normandy with the latter country. In 1077 his eldest son, Robert, wrested Normandy from him, but it was again united to England under Henry I. in IIOG. With this monarch the direct male line became extinct. Henry II., the son of Henry l.'s daughter, Matilda, after the death of Stephen of Blois. ob- tained in 1154 the government of England and Normandy; but in the reign of his son, .Tohn, Normandy was conquered by Philip Augustus of France (1202-04). It remained a portion of the French monarchy for over two centuries, save when conquered by Edward HI. in 1346; but af- ter the battle of Agincourt (1415) it was recon- quered by the English, who held it till 1449. when it was finally wrested from them by Charles VII. The Channel Islands, which were once a part of Normandy, have remained in possession of Eng- land. Consult: Dumoulin. Tiisfnirr (ifn^'ralr dp, yarmnndie (Rouen. 1631); Gonbe, llisloire du ducli^ de Normandie (Rouen and Paris. 1815) ; BartlK^lemy, Uistoire dp la Normandie ancienne et moderne (Tours, 1857).