Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/702

* NORFOLK. 602 NOEMA. NORFOLK. The second largest city of Vir- ginia, i.nil a port of entry, in Norfolk County, 8S miles in a direct line, and IIU by water, south- east of Kicliniond; on the Klizabeth Kiver, an arm of Chesapeake Bay, opposite Portsmouth and Berkley, the three cities practically forming' one municipality, having a population, within a radius of three miles, of more than 115,000 (Map: Virginia, Ho). Norfolk is the terminus of nmny steamship lines, including transatlantic, coastwise, and interior lines, the Albemarle and Chesapeake and the Dismal Swamp canals afford- ing additional means of comnumication with in- land towns. The railroad facilities comprise the Atlantic Coast Line, the Seaboard Air Line, the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Norfolk and Western, the Norfolk and Southern, the New York, Phila- <lel|)hia and Norfolk, and the Southern. Nor- folk has an area of about 3% square miles, and is irregularly laid out on level ground. The more prominent l)uildings include the custom-house, the city hall. Saint Vincent's Hospital, the Nor- folk Protestant Hospital, the post-ollice. and the Citizens' Bank. Saint Paul's Church is of his- toric interest, having been built in 1737. The city maintains a public library ( 10,500 volumes), and has several private secondary schools, among which is the Norfolk Mission College (United Presbyterian), an institution for colored stu- dents. There is a public park of 95 acres. The Korfolk Na-j' Yard is at Portsmouth (q.v. ). Norfolk is one of the most important Southern ports, its excellent transportation facilities con- tributing largely to its commercial prominence. The harbor is commodious, accessible for the largest .ships, has a channel 30 feet deep, and is well protected, the defenses including Fort Iklonroe (q.v.). Norfolk and Portsmouth to- gether constitute a Federal customs district, the foreign trade of which in 1001 comprised ex- ports valued at .$10,308,000 and imports aggre- gating $51)4.000. The commerce of the port is principally in hunber. coal, grain, cotton, pea- nuts, oysters, vegetables, and fruit. One of the largest coaling stations in the world is here — Lambert's Point coal piers, which handle an- nually some 2.500.000 tons. Norfolk is develop- ing rapidly also as an industrial centre, a num- ber of large plants having been established since 1000. when its manufactures, according to the census, represented capital to the amount of .$(1.425,000. and had a production valiU'd at .*n,3<17.- 000. a notable gain in output over that of 18110 (.$5,100,000). The most important industrial es- tablishments are fertilizer works, hnuber mills, hosiery and knitting mills, cotton ami silk mills, oil mills, carriage and wagon shops, foundries and machine shops, a steel shutter and blind mantifnctory, ship and boat building yanls, creo- soting works, agricultural implement works, to- bacco and cigar factories, a large pickling cstah- lishment, etc. Under the charter of 1884, as subsequently amended, the government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a coun- cil consisting of two bodies, the members of the select council being chosen by all the councilmcn from among their own number. The council con- trols appointments of all administrative ofTu'crs, <"xcepting those elected by popular vote — school trustees, treasurer, attorney, street inspector, ronuni^sioner of revenue, collector of taxes, health olTic.r .nnd minor officials. Norfolk spmds annually in maintenance and operation about $845,000, the principal items being: for interest on debt, $250,000; for streets, $80,000,: for water, $05,000; for the police department, $00,000: for schools, $00,000; for the fire department, $45,- 000. There are municipal water-works, bviilt in 1S72, and acquired by the city in the following year; the .system cost $1,235,000 and has al>out 50 miles of mains. Population, in ISliO, 14,020; in 1880, 21,900; in 1S90, 34.871; in UU)0, 40.024. Organized as a town in 1082, Norfolk was in- corporated as a borough in 1730, and was char- tered as a city in 1845. On January 1, 1770, it was bombarded and set on tire by the Englisli un- der Lord Dunmore, and nine-tenths of tlie build- ings were destroyed. In 1855 the city sulVered seerely from the ravages of yellow fever. In April, 1801. Cieneral Taliaferro, at the head of a body of Virginia troops, entered the city, and soon afterwards the navy yard was tired b.v or- derof the Federal commandant, but comparatively little damage was done. Until May, 1802, when the Federal forces took possession, the city was the chief naval station of the Confederacy. Consilt: Forrest. Ilistorical aitd Dcscriplirc Sketches of Norfollc and Vicinitu (Philadelphia, 1853) ; Bur- ton, 2'hc History of yorfolk. Virginia (Norfolk, 1877) ; Lamb, Our Ticin Cities of the yinctccnth Centura (ib,, 1887-88). NORFOLK, DcKES of. See Howard. NORFOLK ISLAND. An isolated island in the Paeilic Ocean. 500 miles northwest of New Zealand, and 1200 miles northeast of Svdncv : latitude 29° 3' S., longitude 107° 58' E. "(Map: .ustralasia, J 5). Its area is 10 sqiuire mih-s. The coasts are high and steep, and the interior is moimtainous, rising in Mount Pitt to a height of 1040 feet. In its forests the most conspicuous tree is the magnificent Norfolk Island pine {Araucaria exeelsa). The soil is fertile and the climate is healthful. The inlialiit;ints in 1001 numbered 870, most of whom are the descendants of the mutineers of the Bount/i. who in 1850 were transferred hither by the British Government from Pitcairn Island (q.v.). Others are ])upil3 in the ^lelanesian mission school established here. The island is governed by a resident magistrate and council under the administration of New South Wales. It was discovered by Cook in 1774, and was used by New South Wales as a jienal settlenii'ut do"n to 1851, NORFOLK ISLAND PINE. See Arau- CAIilA. NORFOLK SPANIEL. See Spaniel. NOR'ICUM. A province of the Roman Em- pire. c<jrresponding to Styria. Carinthia. ])arts of Upjjer and Lower .ustri:i and Bavaria, and Siilz- burg. It was bounded on tlie north bv the Dan- ube, on the east and south bv Panimnia; also south bv Illvricum and Cisalpine flaul : on the west by Phietia. The region is mountainous, the Noric Alps stretching through the centre of the ]irov!nce: the chief rivers were the (Fnus (mod- ern Inn). Dravus (Drave). and Murius (Mur). The chief town was Noreia. mentioned by Ca-sar in his Commentaries. The province wa» subdued by the generals of Augustus (c.1.1. n.c), The Romans obtained iron and salt from the region, and, it is said, gold, NOR'MA,. o)wra bv Bellini (q.v.). pro- duced at l.n Seala, Milan "( 18.32) . The libretto