Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/650

* NEEBUHB. 554 NrELLO. NIEBTTHH, Carstex (17331815). A Ger- mau travckr, father of the preceding, born at Liidingworth in Hanover, where his father was a small farmer. He entered the Uni- versity of GiJttingen, and in 1700 became a lieutenant of engineers in the Danish army. The next year he sailed with the expedition .sunt out by Frederick V. of Denmark to explore Egj'pt, Arabia, and Syria, liis companions, the best known of wliom was the naturalist Forskai (q.v.), all died of hardship or disease, but Iviebulir continued alone and only after six years of wandering did he return to Europe. The re- sults of his observations appeared in Bcschrei- bung von Arabicn (1772) ; Heisebeschrcibung von Arabien iind andnn iimlicycnden Liindcrn (1774- 78) ; and Reisen durch ^yrien nnd PaUistina (1837). He also brought out the results of Forskal's work under the titles DescripHones Animaliiim (177o), Flora .J^.gyptiaco-Arabica (1776), and Iconcs Reruin yaturalium (1775- 7(5) ; and contributed a number of papers to the German periodical Deutsches Museum. The ac- curate observation and the unswerving truthful- • ness of their author place these works among the most reliable books on the lands which they de- scribe. In 1778 Nieltiihr entered the civil service and removed from Copenhagen to MeUlorf. in Holstcin, where lie died. Consult Cnrslcn .YiV- buhrs Lebcn (ISlli), by his son, Barthold Georg Xiebuhr, an Englisli version of which. tiy >Irs. Sarah Taylor Austin, was published in the Lives of Eminent Persons (London, 1833). NIECKS, neks, Fkederick (1845—). A Brit- isli niu>i(ian. critic, and writer, of German birth and parentage. He was born in Diisseldorf, and studied under native teacliers. ^■hen twenty-tliree years of age he moved to England, and became "organist at Dumfries, and played viola in A. C. Mackenzie's string quartet. He subsequently became critic for 'the Monthly Musical Record and Novello's Mus-icnl Times. He was apiujinted professor of music in Edinburgh University, and was considered one of the highest musical au- thorities in Great Britain. His works include: Dictionary of Musical Terms (1884) ; Frederick C'h'ijiin as a Mail and Musician (1S8S). NIEDEBMEYEK, ne'der-ml'er, Lotns ( 1802- Cl). A Franco-Swiss composer, born at Xyon, Switzerland. He studied under :Moscheles and other eminent masters at Vienna and Rome. His first opera was produced at Naples, but of several composed by him, f<lradclla (1837) was the only one which had success, lie also set to music a number of songs by Victor Hugo, Lamartinc. and JIanzoni. Dissatisfied with the meagre success of his secular work, he turned to church nuisic and achieved real success. The Ecole Xiedermeyer, founded by him. subsequently came under Gov- ernment subvention, and equally favorable results attended his journal /<« MaUrise. which became a very influential musical factor. He died in Paris, and a bnxt of him has been placed in the foyer of the Cnind Op.'ra. NIEDERWALD. ne'dfrvlilt. The finely wooded western s|)ur of the Taunus. in the I'rus- sian District of Wiesbaden, near the Rhine. Its height is lll.'> feet. On it. opposite Bingen. stands the national monument commemorating the war of 1870-71 with France. The pedestal. 82 feet in height, ia riehlv decorated with reliefs nnd allegorical figures. On it stands a bronze figure of Germania, 34 feet high, holding the Imperial crown, typifying the formation of the Empire. The monument is the work of Schilling of Dresden. It was unveiled on Sep- tember 28, 1883, when an anarcliistic plan for dynamite explosion was frustrated by the damp weather. The two ringleaders of the attempt were executed in 1883. T«o railways lead to the monument from Riideslieim and Assmannshausen, famous fi>r their wines. NIEDNEB, net'ner. Christian Wiluelm (171)7-1805). A German ecclesiastical historian. He was born at Oberwinkel, near Waldenburg; studied thcologr at Leipzig; and was professor there (1829-49)" and afterwards at Berlin (1859- 05). His Geschichte der chrisllichen Kirche (2d ed. 1880) shows a remarkably minute acquaint- ance with materials, but is composed in a peculi- arly al)stract and dillicult style. For the last twentv years of his life. Xiedner was an editor of the '/,'ii'tschrift filr die historische Theologie. NIEHAUS, ne'hous. Cuakles Henry (1855 — ) . An .merican sculptor, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at the McMicken School of Design there, and in Munich, where his "Fleeting Time" won the first medal ever awarded to an American. He returned to America in 1881, and two years afterwards made statues of (4artield for Cincinnati, and of William Allen for the Capitol in Washington. Both these works are mas- sive ami dignified, and are fine portraits. From 1881 until 1843 he was in Rome, and ujxin his re- turn to America he settled in New York City. His other works include : the Lee nKmumcnt at Rich- mond (1880) ; "The Scraper" ( 1893) ; the statues of Hooker and Davenport, in the Connecticut State Capitol; and the bronze <loors for Trinity Church. Xew York City, given in memory of Jolin .Jacob Astor. The six reliefs of religious and historical subjects which decorate these doors are fine exami)les of chdicate and skilled worknumship. The colossal statues of Gibbon anil Moses, for the Congressional Library in Washington, are also works notable for strength and simplicity. He was awarded first prize in the competition for the memorial to Sanmel Hahneman, in Washington. D. C. Other works that should be mentioned are the pediment of the Aiipellate Court building, New Y'ork City, and two large groujjs representing Mineral Wealth at the Fan-American Exposition of 1901. KIEL, ne'el', Adoi.imik (1802-09). A French 7nar.-lial. He was born at Murcl. Haute-Garonne,' and educated at the F.colc I'i)!yle and at the military academy of Metz. He became lieu- tenant of eiigineers in 1827. captain in 1835. and served in Algeria in 1830-37. gaining the rank of rhcf-de-batailUm by his coinage. He commanded the engineers in the army of Oudinot. which put an end to the Roman Republic in 1849. and be- came brigadier-general and director of the en- gineer department in the Ministry of War. As general of division he comlucted the operations which destroved the Russian fortress of Bomar- sund in .Vngiist. 1854. .t the head of the en- gineers in the Crimea, he directed the siege opera- tions around Sebastopol. During the Italian War of 1859 his services at Macienta and Sol- fc-riiio made him marshal. In If<07 he became Minister of War. NIELXO (It.. WackishK A black snbst.ince capable of being ground fine and also of being