Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/64

* MOSEB. Wallner brought him back to the stage in 1861 for a career ol ahiiost uiil>rokeii popuhir success. Ut" more than lorty comcilies the most noteworlliy are: Uus SStiltuiiysfesl (1S73J; LUimu (1873); Uer 'cilcheiifixs-s<:r (1S70); Dtr Jiibliothelcar (187S); Kricg iin FrUden (1880). He also wrote a number of plays in collalioration with others. A uiiihirin ccliliim of Moser's works was begun in 1873, and extends to more than twenty volumes. MOSER, JoiiAXN Jakob (1701-85). A Ger- man iniblicist, born in Slutlgart. He studied at the University of Tlibingen, wlierc in 1720 he became professor of law. In consequence of some Uillieulties with the censor, he resigned this po- sition in 1732, and in 1736 answered a call to the t'niversity of Frankfort-on-the-dor. Here he incurred the displeasure of Frederick William 1.. and in 1739 was again comjxdled to resign. In 1747 he became Privy Councilor and chief of the chancery in the service of the Landgrave of Hcsse- Homburg, btit two years later he went to Ilanau and in 1751 returned to his native cily, where he entered the service of the Duke of 'iirtteni- berg. In 175'J, being held responsible for certain manifestoes directed against the Duke, he was imprisoned in the fortress of Hohcntwiel, where he remained for five years. After his release his oliices were restored to him. Among his works are: Deutsches Stafilsrecht (1766-75, 21 vols., besides two supplementary vols., and an index) ; Xeucs dcutschoi .^trirititrecht (1766-75, 21 vols. and additions, 1781-82. 3 vols.) ; Deutsches Staaisarchiv (13 vols., 1751-57) : and his Lehcns- geschichlc (3d cd., 4 vols.. 1777-83). Consult Wiicliter, ./. .;. iloser (Stuttgart, 1885). MOSER, me'zer, .JrsTis (1720-94). A Ger- man historian and ])ul)licist, horn at OsnahriicK. He studied law at Jena and Gijttingcn, and in 1747 was chosen (idvocatua pat rim. He was sent to Kngland in 1763 on financial business of the Allies. During the minority of the Duke Frederick of York, who became afterwards Bishoi)of Osnabriick, Moser was the principal adviser of the Regent. He founded in 1766 the weekly Die Osnabriick- ischcn Iiitelligcnzbl-iiltcr, from which he reprinted in 1774 ['atrioti.sche I'hnntasicn. a scries of bril- liant and valuable essays, llis Osnahriirl.ischc Geschichte (1768; 3d ed." 1819) is an ant icijiation of the best results of the modern German histor- ical methods. His collected works, edited by Abeken (Berlin, 1842-44), include a hiogra[)hy by Nicolai and Miiscr's poetry. Consult: Kreys- sig, .7i/s/i(,<t ilOscr (Berlin, 1857) : and Rupprccht, ./. Miinfrs soziale nml voILmnrtschaftUclie An- schaininficn (Stuttgart, 1892). MOSES, mr/zes. The most prominent figure in the earlier portion of the Old Testament nar- rative. According to the modern view which regards the Pentateuch as a conihination of dif- ferent sources, those portions relating the career of Moses (in the main, the books of Kxodns and Numbers) conibinc three distinct documents or strata of traditifm. It is still possible in most eases to separate the historical compilation known ns .TK (see Ki.oiiist Axn Yaiiwist) into its two component parts. Tn addition to these is the so-called Priestly narrative (see HEXATETcn), which is considerably later tlinn either J or V,. A brief summary of the career of Moses as given by each of these sources will 50 MOSES. make clear wherein they dilTer, and also indicate their value as historical material. In the narrative of the Yalnvist, Moses first appears as a fugitive in Midian. A story is told of his lielping the daughters of a priest of Midiau to water their sheep, the tale reminding of a similar incident in Jacob's life (Gen. xxix. 1- 10) ; and just as Jacob married Rachel, so Moses marries Zipporah, a dauglitcr of the priest. After the dealh of the king from wlioin he had lied, and of tho.se who had sought his life, Moses returns to Egypt. On the way Yahv<li appears tu him in a burning bush and gives him the command to deliver his ])eople, the Hebrews, from the op- pression in Kgypt, and bring them to Canaan. Moses hesitates, but is reassured by three signs given him. He delivers his message to the elders of Israel, and Pharaoh is requested to let the Israelites go into the wilderness to perform a sacrifice. Upon the refusal of Pharaoh, .seven plagues (see I'LACiLEs of Egypt) are sent in suc- cession, Pharaoh propo.ses a compromise, which Moses refuses, and at last, when the first-born in every Egyptian family is stricken with death, the Egyptians in a panic hurry the Israelites out of l<",gypt. Pharaoh recovers from his terror and starts in pursuit of the fugitives, who are guided by a cloiul at day and by a i)illar of fire at night; but the King and liis army are drowned in the sea after the Israelites have crossed in safety. The people are led into the wilderness and endure hardships vuitil they reach Mount Sinai, where Yaliweh appears and calls Moses to Him on the Mount. 'He remains there forty days and forty nights, and receives from Yahweh two tables of stone. Moses' father-in- law. Ilohab, the son of Reuel, the Midianite, visits him and decides to accompany the Israel- ites, . They continue their wanderings amid many hardships till they reach Kadcsh. Caleb and others arc sent into Canaan as far as Hebron and bring back rcjinrts about the fertility of the land and the powerful character of the inhabitants. Israel marches along the borders of Edoni to Moab. conquering Heshbon and other Amorite cities. Balaam is sent for by Balak. the King of Moab. to curse Israel, but fails to do so; final laws and exhortations are delivered by Moses to his people. He is then called to the top of Pisgah. where, after being shi>wii all of Canaan, he dies, being buried by Yahweh Himself in a valley of Moab o|)posite Beth-peor. Aaron in this narrative is completely ignored. In the Elohistic narrative, the birth of Moses in Egv'pt is related with the story of his miraculous deliverance from the decree of Pharaoh. His sister (Miriam) was by him when he was found in an ark of bulrushes by Pharaoh's danshter. He is educated as an Egv-ptian noble, but learning that he is an Israelite, goes out to see how his people fare, and observing an Eg^-ptian ill- treating an Israelite, he slays the former, and when the deed becomes known. Hees to Midian. While tending the flocks of his father in-law, .Tetliro, on lloreh, 'the mountain of God' [Elo- himl, God reveals Himself and announces His new name, Yahweh-, Moses is ordered by Yahweh, who has heard the cry of the oppressed people, to go to Pharaoh and demand the release of the Israelites. On his way to Egv'pt. he is joined by Aaron. Together they appear before Pharaoh. Five plagues are brought upon Egvpt. and when