Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/525

NEWMAN. New Orleans was taken by the Federal army in 1862, he was sent there to organize the Methodist Episcopal Church, and remained until 1869, meanwhile editing, in addition to his other labors, the New Orleans Advocate. Leaving New Orleans, he became pastor of the Metropolitan Church at Washington, D. C. His personality was a combination of clergyman and man of the world; his pulpit eloquence, which inclined rather to the grandiose, nevertheless won for him a large popularity both within and outside his denomination. At the end of his first pastorate in Washington in 1872, President Grant appointed him inspector of consulates in Asia, and in this capacity he made a tour of the world, which resulted in another work of travel, The Thrones and Palaces of Babylon and Nineveh from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean (1876). In 1878 he assumed a pastorate in New York City, and in 1881 was a delegate to the first Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London, where he read the invited essay on Scriptural Holiness, said to mark his highest achievement as a writer. From 1882 to 1884 he was acting pastor at the Madison Avenue Congregational Church, New York. In 1885 he returned to the pastorate of the Metropolitan Church, Washington, and in 1888 was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, with his official residence at Omaha, Neb. In addition to the works mentioned, he published: Christianity Triumphant (1884); Evenings with the Prophets on the Lost Empires (1887); The Supremacy of Law (1890); Conversations with Christ (1901).  NEW′MARKET. A market-town on the border of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, England, 15 miles northeast of Cambridge (Map:, G 4). The market-house and the celebrated Jockey Club are the chief edifices. The town owes its prosperity to the horse-races. The race-course of Newmarket, upward of four miles in length, is said to be the finest in the world, and the training ground bears a similar reputation for excellence. There are eight race-meetings held here annually. Population, in 1891, 8631; in 1901, 10,686. Consult Hore, History of Newmarket and Annals of the Turf (3 vols., London, 1886).  NEWMARKET. A town of York County, Ontario, Canada, 34 miles north of Toronto on the Northern Railway (Map:, D 3). It has busy trading interests and some manufactures. Population, in 1891, 2143; in 1901, 2125.  NEW MECK′LENBURG (formerly ). The second largest of the (q.v.), situated in the Pacific Ocean, 350 miles northeast of New Guinea, and separated from New Pomerania, the largest of the group, by Saint George Channel (Map:, H 3). It is elongated, has an area of 4920 square miles, and consists for the most part of mountains covered with forests of large trees. Little is known of the interior of the island, but the coast lands are very fertile. Colonization of the island has been unsuccessful; there is a trading station on the north coast, but in 1897 there were only nine European inhabitants, the bulk of the population, whose number is unknown, being savage Melanesians.  NEW MEX′ICO. A southwestern Territory of the United States. It lies between latitudes

31° 20′ and 37° north, longitudes 103° 2′ and 109° 2′ west, and is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the cast by Oklahoma and Texas, on the south by Texas and Mexico, and on the west by Arizona. It forms almost a perfect square, the line being somewhat broken on the southern boundary. The length along the western boundary is 400 miles; the greatest width, 358 miles. Area, 122,580 square miles. New Mexico exceeds in size every State in the Union except Texas, California, and Montana.

. The whole Territory is very elevated, only a small portion in the south lying below 4000 feet. The topography may be divided into several more or less well marked regions, running north and south. The eastern third of the Territory belongs to the Great Plains, which skirt the whole eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. In the northeastern part of the Territory this plain is watered by the Canadian River, south of which it slopes gradually into the level and arid plateau known as the Llano Estacado. West of this is the valley of the Pecos River, the lowest part of the Territory, falling near the southern boundary below 3000 feet. From the Pecos Valley the land rises westward into the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which issues from Colorado in a continuous line of lofty peaks, several of which are over 12,000 feet high. Toward the centre of the Territory the range becomes broken into isolated groups and mesas inclosing in the north park-like grassy plains, but toward the south arid and desolate valleys filled with lava beds and salt marshes. West of the Front Range is the narrow valley of the Rio Grande, traversing the whole length of the Territory. Finally, through the western part of the Territory stretches the great, broad plateau, the Continental Divide, which extends into Mexico as the Sierra Madre. Its average height is 7000 feet, though it sinks to 5000 feet in the south, and it is diversified by a number of mesas and isolated ranges from 8000 to 11,000 feet high.  . The climate is remarkably dry and healthful, and the air pure and clear. In the lower regions of the south the climate is mild throughout the year, but in the north the temperature sometimes falls below zero. At Santa Fe the mean temperature for the year is about 50°, for the warmest month 70°, and for the coldest 30°. The average rainfall for the whole Territory is about 15 inches, being nowhere sufficient for the needs of agriculture. Many of the mountain basins and river valleys are covered with nutritious grasses, one of the most common genera being the grama-grass (Bouteloua). The salt-grass (Distichlis spicata) often forms a dense sod over the alkali flats which abound especially on the western plateau. Bunch grasses cover many of the mesas and mountain slopes, but the sage brush is predominant in many of the plains, and the plateau toward the west becomes arid and desolate. Sycamore, cottonwood, oak, and other deciduous trees grow in the river-valleys, and some of the foothills carry growths of piñon and dwarf cedar, while extensive forests of pine, spruce, and cedar cover the higher mountains. With the possible exception of the alkali flats, the soil, wherever there is any, is said to be fertile and capable of becoming productive when irrigated.

For flora and fauna, see these sections in the article. 