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* NEWMAN. 458 NEWMAN. Movement. (For tlio coiuiilelf liistorj' of its de- velopment, see OxFDKi) -MovKMENT. I Here it is enough to .say that from the tirst Xewmau was its acknowledged head; the charm of his per- sonality, the ascetic fervor of his life, and the fame of his preaching gave him a tremendous power. He was one of the chief contributors to the Tracts for the Times, twenty-nine of which, including the famous No. 90, which j)roved the end of the series, are from his pen. The same year that witnessed their beginning (1S33) saw the publication of his book on The Avians, which was followed in 1837 l)v The I'ropheliad O/Jice of the Church; in 18.58 by works on .Justifica- tion, on the Canon of Scripture, and on Anti- christ. In this year also Newman became editor of the British Critic, holding the position until 1841, and began in conjimction with Kel)le and Pusey to publish a Library of Translations from the Greek and Latin Fathers. On a formal re- quest from the Bishop of O.Kford, he discontinued the publication of the Tracts in 1841. after the storm of opposition which No. 90, "Remarks on Certain Passages in the XXXIX. Articles," had aroused. Already in 1839 in the course of his study of the history of the Moiiophysite controversy a doubt had come to him whether, after all, the Anglican position was tenable; and the condenmation of his position by bishops and heads of colleges showed him that his place in the ^fovement was gone. Parallel reasoning on the history of the Arian controversy, and the curious compromise of the .Jerusalem bishopric (see Jekus.^lem ), still further shook his allegiance to the Church of England. In 1842 he retired from Oxford to the neigh- boring village of Littlemore, where he passed three years in seclusion, with a number of yoving men Avho had attached themselves to him, wrest- ling in silence with the problem thus presented to him. In the early part of 1842 he piblished a formal retractation of his adverse criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church, and in the following autumn, while he hail not yet made up his mind, it seemed to him more honest to resign his living. The train of reasoning which occupied him throughoi^t 184.5. when he was engaged in the composition of his Essat/ on the Derelopmrnt of Christian Doctrine, finally brought him to the point, and on October 9th he became a Roman Catholic. .s his influence in Oxford and among thought- ful Anglicans had been tremendous, so the ef- fect of this step was correspondingly great. A year after his reception he went to Rome and was there ordained priest. Soon afterwards he returned to England and introduced the Congre- gation of the Oratory (q.v.), which be thought specially adapted to the needs of the large towns. The greater part of his later life was spent in the house of the Oratory at Rirmingham : from 18.'>4 to 1858. however, he was in Dublin, as rec- tor of the unsuccessful Catholic I'niversity there. Always deeply interested in e<lucation. he had planned to establish a house of the Oratory- at Oxford, which might have allowed the young men of his Chiirch to gain the advantages of the imiversity; the project, opposed by Manning, fidl through, hut since his death his ideas have been vindicated by the establishment of a Catholic hall there. Constant literary activity marked all these years, of which the most remarkable fruits were his Letter to tlu: Duke of "Snrfolk (1875), in which lie explained and defended the position of Catholics as atl'ected by the 'atican decrees in their bearing on civil allegiance, in reply to Glad.stone; and his memorable Apologia pro Vita Sua (1804), which contained a most striking account of the inner workings of his mind dur- ing his whole manhood, and increased the venera- tion felt for him by all his countrymen, of what- ever shade of theological opinion. It grew out of a memorable controversy with Charles Kings- ley, who, by general consent, had much the worse of the argument. In 1877 Newman was elected an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and revisited his loved alma muter for the first time in twenty-two years. Leo XIII. created him a cardinal in 1879, allowing him still to reside in England. He died at Birmingham, August 11, 1890. Both as a great spiritual force and as a mas- ter of literary expression, Newman will always de-serve a large space in any history of nineteenth century England. His literary style, always pure, melodious, and elevated, and owing much to years of familiarity with the Authorized Ver- sion of the Bible, is full of inidecaying beauty. But it was only an expression of his mental habit. The dialectical skill which marks all his controversial work was governed by the con- science whose supremacy he was never tired of enforcing: and the chaste beauty of his style was but the outcome of that intense realization of the spiritual world which is the most characteristic feature of all his teaching. A complete list of his writings would occupy too much space. A uniform edition of the more important of them was published under his ovn supervision (London. 1808-81). Besides those already named, mention should be made of his: Kssay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (1870) ; two works of fiction, Callista. a Sketch of the Third Century (1850). and Loss and Gain, a story of Oxford life in his own day (1848) ; nu- merous volumes of sermons, all characterized by his qualities: and some extremely beautiful verse, of which the best, with "The Dream of (ierontius," is included in Verses on Various Oc- casions (1868). Consult, besides most of the books refcried to under Oxford MoTi;MENT: Letters and Correspondence of J. H. Neirmnn Durinri His Life in the Entjlish Church (Lon- don. 1891): and sketches by R. II. Hutton (ib.. 1891), Walters and Barrow (ib.. 1901). and Whyte (New York. 1903) ; also an admirably thoughtful study of his writings in Shairp. Stud- ies in I'octrii and I'hilosophii (Edinburgh. 1866). His earlier life is also told by his brother Francis (London. 1891). and in The Anrjiican Career of Cardinal yeuman (ib., 1892) ; his later, partly in Fitzgerald. Fifty Years of Catholic Life and I'niyrrns ( ib., 1898'). NEWMAN, .John Pmii.ip (1820 99). .Vn .American clergyman. Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born in New York City, and educated at Cazenovia (N. Y.) Semi- nary, which he quitted in 1848 to enter the min- istry. He followed the itinerant life of a Metho- dist clersryman until 1800. when he went abroad for travel and study, visiting Eg^'pt and Pales tine, subsequently embodying the results of this trip in From Dan to Iteersheba, or the Land of Promise as It Now Appears (1864). After