Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/521

NEW JERSEY. proprietors of both colonies in 1702 ceded their right of government to the Crown, and the colonies were united and placed under the Governor of New York, though New Jersey retained its separate assembly. There was freedom of worship, but political privileges were withheld from Roman Catholics, and even as regards others the possession of at least two hundred acres of land or of property valued at £50 was a necessary qualification for the suffrage. In 1738 the province received a separate Governor. Manufacturing began very early. A paper mill was established at Elizabeth in 1728, and in 1769 forty of these were in operation. By 1750 the population was about 80,000. A glass factory was begun in 1748. In 1791 the Society for the Encouragement of Useful Manufactures was chartered, with the exclusive right of utilizing the falls of the Passaic, and the town of Paterson was founded. The first Provincial Congress met at New Brunswick, July 21, 1774. In 1776 the Royal Governor, William Franklin, was deposed, and on July 2, 1776, the Provincial Congress adopted a ‘Constitution’ for the ‘Colony of New Jersey’ without submitting it to the people. Under this instrument the Governor was to be chosen annually, and was to be executive, president of the council, and chancellor, thus combining executive, legislative, and judicial functions. On July 18th the Provincial Congress ratified the national Declaration of Independence, and changed the title of the colony to the ‘State of New Jersey.’ During the Revolution the State did its full duty, and was the scene of many of the battles of the war. (For military operations during the War of the Revolution, see .) The State hesitated to enter a Federal union out of fear of the larger States. In the constitutional convention of 1787 (q.v.), one of her delegates, proposed the famous ‘New Jersey Plan,’ which provided for a single legislative House, in which each State should have one vote. The State ratified the Constitution, December 18, 1787. The capital was fixed at Trenton in 1790, and the history of New Jersey for many years after that was one of increasing prosperity. In 1844 a new constitution was adopted, providing for a term of three years for the Governor, and taking away his judicial duties. In 1875 the Constitution was thoroughly revised. The word ‘white’ was struck from the suffrage clause, though, of course, it had been a dead letter since the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Politically, the State has generally inclined toward the Democratic Party. In 1796, 1800, and 1812, it supported the Federalist candidates; from 1836 to 1848 it was Whig; in 1860 it gave four votes to Lincoln and three to Douglas; in 1872 it cast its vote for Grant; and in 1896 and 1900 it went Republican on the money question. The following is a list of the colonial and State Governors of New Jersey:

. Whitehead, East Jersey Under the Proprietary Government (Newark, 1846); Foster, New Jersey and the Rebellion (ib., 1868); Carpenter and Arthur, The History of New Jersey (Philadelphia, 1853); Elmer, The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey (Newark, 1872); Raum, History of New Jersey (Philadelphia, 1880); Scott, “The Influence of the Proprietors in Founding the State of New Jersey,” in Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. iii., No. 8 (Baltimore, 1885); Cooley, “A Study of Slavery in New Jersey,” in Johns Hopkins University Studies, vol. xiv., Nos. 9, 10 (ib., 1896); Mellick, The Story of an Old Farm (Somerville, N. J., 1889); Salisbury, “The Physical Geography of New Jersey,” in New Jersey Geological Survey, Final Report of State Geologist, vol. iv. (Trenton, 1898); the New Jersey Historical Society Collections (Newark); the Archives of the State of New Jersey (ib., 1880 et seq.); and the Annual Reports of the New Jersey Geological Survey (Trenton) and of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (New Brunswick, 1880 et seq.); Mills, Historic Houses of New Jersey (Philadelphia, 1903); Lee, New Jersey as a Colony and as a State (New York, 1903).  NEW JERSEY,. See .  NEW JERSEY TEA. An American shrub. See ; and Plate of  NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. See . 