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* NEWCASTLE. 431 NEWCASTLE. NEWCASTLE. A city of New South Wales, situuU'd ;it the mouth of the Hunter River, 102 miles north-northeast of Sydney, with which it is eonneeted by rail and by steamers (ilap: Xew South Wales, F 3). It is a well-built town with jiaved streets and fine public buildings. It is the principal port for the northern part of Xew South Wales, and is the greatest coaling port in the Southern Hemisphere. There are twenty-five col- lieries in the district, employing about 7000 per- sons. The wool trade is also large. Xewcastle has .some five miles of wharves, at which vessels of the largest tonnage may load and discharge. The area of the harbor, which is protected by two forts and two breakw'aters, is 540 acres. The width of the channel at the entrance of the harbor is 1200 feet, and the depth of water on the bar 25% feet, and of the harlior 27 feet at high and 23 feet at low water. The industries of X'ewcastle include a steam biscuit factory, copper- smelting works, a brewery, shipbuilding yards, foundries, carriage factories, and a boot factory. It is the seat of a United States consul, and owns its gas and electric lighting plants and water-works. Population, in 1891, 13,000; in 1901, 14.2.50. NEW CASTLE. A city in Xew Castle Coun- ty, Del., six miles south of Wilmington; sit- uated on the Delaware River, at the head of Delaware Bay, and on the Philadelphia, Bal- timore and Washington railroad (Map: Del- aware, P 2). X'ew Castle has a good har- bor and regular steamship connection with Philadelphia and Baltimore, is the centre of an agricultural and fruit-growing region, has large shad-fishing interests, and manufactures iron pipe, woolen and cotton goods, shirts, flour, and bricks. The city possesses several biiildings of historic interest, a public library of 0000 vol- umes, and two parks. Under the charter of 1875, the government is administered by a mayor, chosen every three years, and a unicameral coun- cil, elected at large. Settled by Swedes in 1640, X'ew Castle was held successively by the Swedes, Dutch, and English, and was the landing place of William Penn in 1682. It was incorporated first in 1875. Population, in 1890, 4010: in 1900, 3380. NEW CASTLE. A town and the county-seat of Henry County, Ind., 41 miles east-northeast of Indianapolis; on the Blue River, and on the Lake Erie and Western, the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago and Saint Louis, and the Pitts- burg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis rail- roads (ilap: Indiana, D 3). The town is surrounded by a farming district and has a supply of natural gas, and is an industrial centre of importance. The leading manufactures in- clude tin, sheet iron and steel, bridge works, iron and brass beds, pianos, agricultural ma- chines, furniture, handles, shovels, carriages, bricks, paper boxes, flour, etc. The water-works and street lighting plant are owned by the municipalitv. Population, in 1890, 2697; in 1900, 3406.' NEW CASTLE. A city and the county-seat of Lawrence County. Pa.. 50 miles northwest of Pittsburg: at the junction of the Shennngo and Xeshannock rivers, and on the Erie, the Penn- sylvania, the Pittsburg and Lake Erie, the Pitts- burg and Western, and the Western Xew York and Pennsylvania railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, A3). It is the conunercial centre of a fertile agi'icultural region, which has also rich deposits of bituminous coal, limestone and sandstone, fire clay, and iron ore, and is noted for its extensive manufactures of iron, glass, fire brick, steel wire nails, boilers, machinery, tin plate, stoes, plows, lumber products, flour, ])aper, etc. The V, M. C. A. maintains a library; and the city has a beautiful place of resort in Cascade Park, owned by the traction companj'. Settled in 1812,. Xew Castle was chartered as a city in 1869. The government, under a charter of 1889, is vested in a mayor, chosen every three years, and a bicameral council, of which the Upper House (Select Council) confirms the executive's appointments of the heads of administrative departments. Population, in 1890, 11.600; in 1900, 28,339, NEWCASTLE, Henry Pelh.m Fienijes Peliiam Clixtox, Fifth Duke of (1811-64). An English statesman. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and represented South Xotts in Parliament from 1832 to 1846, when he was ousted by the influence of his father, the fourth Duke, for supporting Sir Robert Peel in his free- trade measures. In the brief Conservative Ad- ministration of 1834-35 he had been a Lord of the Treasury, and First Commissioner of Woods and Forests in the Peel Administration, from 1841 to 1846. He was then made Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but went out of office w"ith his chief a few months afterwards. He succeeded to the dukedom in 1851, and re- turned to otTice in 1852, filling the post of Secre- tary of State for the Colonies (which formerly included the Department of War) in the Aber- deen Government. The war with Russia broke out, and in .June. 1854. it was found necessary to create a Secretary of State for War. and the new office was assigned to Xewcastle. The sutt'erings of the British army before Sebastopol in the winter of 1854 raised a storm of popular discon- tent, and when the House of Commons determined to inquire into the conduct of the war, the Duke resigned, though the system, not the Minister, was to blame. Xewcastle was reappointed Secretary of State for the Colonies in the second Administration of Lord Palmerston. 1859. In 1860 he accompanied the Prince of Aales during a tour in Canada and a portion of the United States, and on his return received the Order of the Garter from the Queen. Though his adminis- tration was meeting Avith general approval, fail- ing health compelled him to resign, and he died a few months later on October 18, 1864. NEWCASTLE, ilABGAKET, Duchess of. See C'.4."ExiJisii, Marg.vret. NEWCASTLE, Thoiias Pelham-Holles, First Duke of (1693-1768). An English states- man. He was educated at estminster School, and for a short time attended the University of Cambridge. He gave considerable aid to the House of Bnmswick on the death of Queen Anne, and as a result various honors were conferred on him, and in 1715 he was created Duke of New- castle. In 1724 he became Secretary of State for the southern department in Walpole's coali- tion Administration, ;ind by aiding now one party and (hen another, as it best suited his interests, he remained in office almost continuously for thirty-eight years. In 1754 Xewcastle became Prime Minister. He was in power at the be-