Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/465

* NETJBEUTHER. 413 NEUROLOGY. NETJKEUTHEB, noi'roi tOr, Euge.n Nai>o- LEON (18Uli-S2). A Clerniaii painter, etclicr, ami iilustralor, burn in Jlunii'li, son of the painter Ludwig Neureuther (1775-1830), l)y whom he was first instructed at i!anil)er<,', before studying at the Muuieli Academy under Willielm von Kobell. His talent developed, liowever, chiefly under the intluence of Cornelius, who employed him on the frescoes in the Glyptothek and in the Arcades of the Royal Garden. His success in tliis work of ornaiuenlal character suggested to him the idea of illustrating (ioethe's romances and baUads with marginal drawings. Pub- lislied in 1829-.39, the drawings were univer.sally admire, and made the artist's reputation. In 18.30 Xeureuther visited Paris, where his illus- trations of the scenes of the .July Revolut ion ap- pcared mder the title "Souvenir du 27. 28. 20 juillel" (1831). After his return, he published "Marginal Drawings to German Poets" (1832- .3o). and in 1838 completed his illustrations to Herder's Cid. From a visit to Rome in the same year he returned with a rich collection of studies, utilized subsetpiently in various works. In 1835 he had first tried his hand at etching, in which line he produced his most pleasing and valuable compositions, notably the large plate of "Dorn- riischen" (1830), his best efTort with the needle. As a painter he may be judged by the fine speci- mens in the Schack Gallery at Jlunich, which contains "Cornelius Among His Pujjils and Fellow Artists," "The Dying Nun," and others. NEtJRETJTHEK, Gottfried von (1811-87). A (iernian architect, bom at jMannheim. brother of Eugen Neureuther. First instructed by his father, he studied afterwards in Munich at the [university and academy, and extended his knowl- [ edge by traveling through Germany, France, [Italy (which he visited four times), Greece, and [Turkey. He became most widely known through the Polytechnicum (1866-70) and the new Acad- emy of Arts (1873-85) in ilunich, handsome edifices in the Italian Renaissance style, of which I he was a prominent exponent. NEURFTIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. veOpoy, neu- ron, nerve). A disease of a nerve or of nerves, , accompanied by inHammation. Neuritis is either [single or multiple; interstitial or diffuse; toxic or infective. It is caused by injury to the nerve involved, or infection such as from typhoid fever, ' or tuberculosis or leprosy; or by toxic action of alcohol, arsenic, lead. etc. The symptoms of localized neuritis are severe I pain, somewhat relieved when the jiart is at rest [and kept warm, some numbness, reduction of the Isense of touch, loss of power in the muscles, and •eventual atrophy. There may be some contracting of the muscles, with rosy color of the skin, and a
 * peculiar glossiness.

Multiple neuritis is vei-y frequent. It is caused bv the toxins of several infectious diseases, as L diphtheria, typhoid fever, smallpox, and scarlet rfcver, as well as those of alcohol, mercury, lead, Igout, diabetes, cancer, and tuberculosis. In this Ijorm of neuritis the invasiim is usually acute. Iwith fever, pain in head, back, and legs, loss of fpower in arms and legs so that the patient can I scarcely climb the stairs, drop-wrist and drop- foot, muscular wasting, tenderness in the mus- cles, tremor, and sensory dlslurlinnres. Fever is rare, and the invasion of the disease is slow. When alcohol is the cause, delirium and con^il- sions may occur, with hallucinaticms, somewhat resembling ilcliiiuin Ireinviix. Multiitle neuritis is very frequent in other countries, under various names. It is called beri-beri or kukkv in Japan, China, New Zealand, India, Brazil, and the West Indies, in which countries it is endemic. Its course is similar to that of alcoholic muUi])le neuritis. Its mortality varies from 3 to ,50 per cent. The mortality of alcoholic neuritis is not much smaller. Of those who continue the use of alcohol, 50 per cent, die of alcoholism, pneu- monia, or tuberculosis. The treatment of nml- tiple neuritis cimsists of elimination of the cause, rest in bed. phenacetin, sodium salicylate, .strych- nia, nitrate of silver, and chloride of ammonium under a jdiysieian's directions. NEUROL'OGY (from Gk. veupov, neuron, nerve -j- -oyla, -lof/ia, account, from X^yai/, le- gem, to say). The branch of science concerned with the anatomy, physiologj', disorders, and dis- eases of the nervous system. Brain functions associated with mentality are somewhat arbitra- rily [jlaced in the field of psychologj', and their disorders furnish the topics grouped under the head of psychiatry. Neurological conditions are also studied in the lower animals, giving a sub- division of the subject, comparative neui'ologj', which with embryology' furnishes important facts which aid in understanding the human nerv- ous apparatus. In the more limited medical sense, neurology embraces a study of the human nervous system, its diseases (except insanities) and their treatment. Nervous diseases are: first, morbid manifesta- tions of demonstrably disturbed nerve elements, and. second, so-called functional disorders in which actual changes in the physical properties of the nervous system have not yet been discov- ered. The latter are commonly called neuroses and are steadily tending to enter the former cate- gory under improved methods of research. In many nervous diseases heredity is a marked featire and in the acquired diseases of the nerv- ous sj'stem heredity may play a predisposing part. There is a general and probably well-founded belief that nervous diseases are increasing in frequency. Absolute statements, however, are impossible, as many causative con<litions are changing and other newly recognized nervous dis- eases are being added to the known list. For in- stance, the infectious diseases, such as small- pox, typhoid, diphtheria, and malaria, are all capable of producing organic and functional nerv- ous diseases. Their control by jireventive medi- cine and hygiene correspondingly reduces that liability. Civilization, on the other hand, by conserving the unfit and [U'olonging the life of the fechle and neurotic. entails additional nervous disturbances and susccptiliilitics. There can be no doubt that modern urban conditions favor the development of nervous instability and at the same time bring to bear the additional highly competent noxious influences of vice, particularly through alcoholic and drug haliits and venereal diseases. The monotony and hardships of farm life, however, are also a factor of nmrbidity and are particularly active among the women so situ- ated. Some occupations bear cither a direct or predisposing relation to nervous ailments. Writer's cramp and the entire group of oceup.a- tiou neuroses of which it is a type show this