Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/376

* NECKEB. 328 NECTANEBO. a business man rather llian a statesman. His daughter was the celelirateil JIadame de Stael (q.v. ). A complete edition of Nccker's writiiij^s, edited by liis grandson, Aiifjust de Staelllcilstein, was i)iiblished in 15 volumes (1820-21). Consult also: -Mme. de Stael, La vie privie de il. echer (Paris, 181)4) ; Mourrisson, Trois ricolutioii- naires: Turgol, lecher et liailly (2d cd., ib., 1886) ; Gomel, Les eause& financieres de lu revo- lution friDiiaisc: Ics miiiistires de Turgot et de Xecker (ib., 1892) ; Hermann, Zur (jescliichte (Icr I'dmilic Xeclccr (Berlin, 188G). NECKER, Suzanne (Cubchod) (1739(14). The wile of .Jacques Xecker (((.v.), born at Gras- sier in the Swiss Canton of 'aud. Her father, a Protestant minister, "jave her an excellent educa- tion. She was at one lime engafjed to (iibhon, tiie historian, but after her father's death she went to Paris, and there met Xecker, then a ■wealthy banker, who married her in 1704. Under her inlluence, Xecker entered public life, and became the I-^inance Minister of Louis XVI. She herself founded a hospital in Paris, which still bears her name, and she wrote a number of books, includinj?: Itc/lexioiis siir le divorce (1794); Des inhiimationn prcvipitecs (1790); and five volumes of miscellanies, which appeared after her deatii (1798 and 1802). Consult: D'Arvor, Madame ccLcr, n.{7-!)'i (Paris, 1897) ; and D'Haussonville, Le salon de Madame Necker (Paris, 18S2). NECKER DE SATJSSURE, de s.Vsur'. . - RIE.NNK .Vi.iiKHTiM-; (17IH11S4I). . French au- thor, born in Geneva. She was the daughter of the naturalist Saussure, and married .lacques Necker the botanist, and nephew of the French statesman of the same name. Her cousin. Mme. de Stael, was credited with the translation (1814) of Sehlefiel's VorUsiDiyen iibrr dianiii- tisclw KiiiiKl Kiid IJtlrniliir {lfi'.)l), now known to have been written by Mme. Xeck- er herself. The book on which her reputation rests is L'cducation proiircssivc, ou cliidc siir le cours de la rie (1828-:i2), for which the Academy gave her the Montyon Prize in lS:i2. It is a peda>;oj»ical work, treating of the impor- tance of child-training, in the prejiaration for after life. NECK-MOLDING. A molding at the junc- tion of till- capital and shaft of a column. It is also called iiti-L- or ncckin;/, as in the case of the plain space between the astragal of the shaft and tlio middings of the cap of the Doric order. NECROMANCY (Lat. nccromanlia. from Gk. vtKponavTtla, mUromantcia, from ueKpbt, nekrox, corpse + inavrela, wnilrin, divination). A method of divination by which the dead were supposed to be conjured up and to answer ques- tions concerning the future. Its practice was certainly extremely ancient. It was condenmcd in the Old Testament, and among the fJreeks it was familiar in Homer's day. In historical days necromancy was practiceit by priests or conse- crated persons at many shrines in Greece. It was also current among the Romans, although banned by the Church umlcr Constantinc. It was al-o employed liy the northern peo|des, and in the media'val and later period passed over into sorcery. See SptntTCAl.IsM. NECROP'OLIS (Xeo-Lat.. from Ok. wxpiiroXif. nckropolis, cemetery, from itx/tii, nrkro.i, corpse -f iriXis, iirjlix. city). A term originally applied to the cemeteries in the vicinity of ancient cities, and in particular to a suburb of Alexandria largely devoted to the reception and embalming of the dead. The term neero|)olis is now, how- ever, used in a much more extended sense, and applied to any extensive burial-region of ancient date. The most remarkable of these are in Egypt, where they extend for miles along the left bank of the Nile. The Pyramids are the most conspicuous features of the Ghizeh ne- cropolis; the "Valley of the Kings,' near Thebes, the necropolis of Ll-Kab, and those of Beni llas- .san and ,bydos are other examples. In .frica the extensive necropolis of Cyrene; in Italy the ancient Etruscan tomh-groups of Vulci, Tar- quinii, and Capua, distinguislicd for their painted tombs: the remarkable necropolises of Jlyra and Antiphellus in Lycia, and that of Pctra in Syria are among the important examples belonging to classical antiquity. The extraordi- nary collection of domed and minareted tombs and sepulchral moscpu's in Cairo, known as the Karafah (tombs of the Khalifs), and dating from the twelth to the fifteenth century, is often and justly called a necropolis; but the term is seldom applied to either medi;rval or modern cemeteries. The burial places of antiquity have been especially important sources of arclia-ologi- cal discovery, owing to the universal custom in early ages of burying, with the deceased, utensils, arms, money, and jewelry, for his use in the nether world. NECRO'SIS (T.at.. from Gk. viKpuKrit, nckro- sis, a killing, deadiiess, from viKpovv, nckrouit, to kill, from peKp6s. iiikros. corpse). A term em- j)loved to denote the absolute death of a cir- cumscribed portion of any tissue. Specifically, in surgery, it is a])plied to the death of a bone, wholly or in part. The dead portion separates from the surrounding healthy tissue by an in- llannnatory process, the castolT part being known as the scqucstnim, and the boundary between the living and dead tissue as the line of demarcation. Bony necrosis is due usually to direct injuries, inllanunations, and infections, which attack either the periosteum (the membrane covering the Ijone) or the nuirrow, the iuunediate cause being interference with the circulation and nutri- tion. Xecrosis of the soft parts is termed gan- grene, and the dead portion, known as the sloiifih or siiliaccliis, separates in the same way as in bone, by a line of demarcation. See GaXgKENE. NECTAN'EBO, .ir NECTAN'EBUS. The naineol two kings nf Egypt. .Vkciankijo l.(Eg>'i)- tian ?,'aklit-llor-lirht),' the ytKraWpv' (-VcA-di- iirhes) of Manetho, was the first King of the Thir- tieth Dynasty, and reigned from n.c. 382 to 3(>4. The native monuments give little historical in- formation in regard to his reign, but the ac- counts of Greek writers, especially Diodorus. show that he was a capable and energetic mon- arch. In the earlier part of his reign he sup- ported Evagoras, King of Cyprus, against tlio Persians, and when the latter invaded Eg>pt, suc- ceeded in repelling them, aided by an inunda- tion of the Xile. Xcctauebo endeavored to re- store the old sanctuaries of the land, and he built or restored temples in many parts of Egypt. His stone sarcophagus, inscribed with religious texts, is in the British Museum. He was suc- ceeded by Teiieb or Taciii.s, after whom X^ectan-