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NAVIGATION LAWS. Canada and Mexico on equal terms with the railroads, and more liberal mail laws have been passed. By the act of 1886 the tonnage rates were reduced to 3 cents per ton, not to exceed 15 cents per ton per year in the aggregate on each entry of all vessels from any foreign port in North America, Central America, the West Indies, Bahamas or Bermudas, and a rate of 6 cents not to exceed 30 cents upon all vessels entering from foreign ports, the President being authorized to suspend this duty so far as it was in excess of tonnage and other duties imposed by the country of their home port. The further act limiting the liability of ship-owners for the ship's debts, excepting wages, to the amount of his interest has proved a great benefit. The United States Shipping Commissioners were established by the act of 1872, and later, by the act of 1884, were placed under the control of the Treasury Department, as was the Bureau of Navigation, established in that year.  NAVIGATORS' ISLANDS. See .  NAVILLE,, (1844—). A Swiss Egyptologist, born at Geneva, June 14, 1844. He studied at the university of his native city, King's College, London (1862), Bonn (1866), and at the Faculté des Lettres, Paris, receiving his degree in 1867. During his university career he paid much attention to Egyptology, and in 1868 he followed the courses of Lepsius at Berlin. The following year he went to Egypt, and in 1870 he published as the result of his investigations there his work, Textes relatifs au mythe d'Horus recueillis dans le temple d'Edfou (Geneva). His La litanie du soleil appeared in 1875, and his Inscription historique de Pinodjem III. was published at Paris in 1883. In 1874 Naville was commissioned by the London Congress of Orientalists to edit the text of the Egyptian  (q.v.). Naville spent the next ten years collecting material in the libraries and museums of Europe. The results of his labors appeared in ''Das ägyptische Todtenbuch der 18. bis 20.'' Dynastie (l886), one of the most important works in the history of Egyptology. Beginning in 1882, Naville usually spent his winters in Egypt conducting investigations for the Egypt Exploration Fund, and his work in this direction produced most valuable results. In 1891 he became professor of Egyptology in the University of Geneva. Among the most important of Naville's works, in addition to those already mentioned, are: The Store City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir i. (1885); Goshen and the Shrine of Saft el Henneh, Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir iv. (1887); The Festival Hall of Osorkou II., Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir x. (1892); Ahnas el Medineh, Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir xi. (1894); Deir el Bahari, Egypt Exploration Fund Memoirs xii., xiii., xiv., xvi., xix. (1894-1901).  NAVY,. One of the nine executive departments of the United States Government, created by act of Congress of April 30, 1798, and charged with the general control and administration of the navy. From 1789 to 1798 the management of naval affairs was under the control of the War Department. At the head of the department is a secretary, who is a member of the Cabinet, appointed by the President with

the advice and consent of the Senate, and receives an annual salary of $8000. As the President is by the Constitution the commander-in-chief of the navy, the Secretary is generally subject to his direction. It is his duty to execute such orders as the President may give relative to the administration of naval affairs, including the procurement of naval supplies and the construction, armament, equipment, and employment of vessels of war. A variety of specific duties are imposed upon him by law, in which cases he is not subject to the direction of the President. He makes annual report to the President of the operations of the Navy Department. His deputy is the Assistant Secretary, who is appointed by the President, and who during the absence or incapacitation of the Secretary acts in his stead, taking the title of acting Secretary. An act of June 8, 1880, authorized the appointment of a judge-advocate-general of the navy from the marine corps or the navy with the rank of colonel or captain. It is his duty to receive, revise, and record the proceedings of courts-martial, courts of inquiry, boards for the examination of officers for retirement and promotion in the naval service, and to give opinions on such legal questions as arise in the course of the administration of the navy. Another officer of importance attached to the Navy Department is the commandant of the marine corps. By an act of July 5, 1862, eight bureaus were established in the Navy Department, at the head of each being a chief, appointed by the President from among the officers of the navy. These are, the bureaus of (1) Yards and Docks; (2) Equipment; (3) Navigation; (4) Ordnance; (5) Construction and Repair; (6) Steam Engineering; (7) Medicine and Surgery; and (8) Supplies and Accounts. See Navy, under.  NAVY REGISTER. An annual official publication of the United States Navy Department. It gives a list of the officers of the navy and marine corps in order of their rank, a list of retired officers, a statement of resignations, retirements, dismissals, and deaths since the publication of the previous register, the number of stations with the ships on each and the names of officers attached to them, and an enumeration of the ships of the navy, with some details of their character, present condition, and service.  NAVY YARD. The principal navy yard of the United States is located at Brooklyn, N. Y., on the East River. There are three dry docks at this yard and one under construction. Here also is located the naval clothing factory which makes the uniforms for the enlisted men. The other important navy yards of the United States are at Norfolk (Va.), League Island (near Philadelphia), Boston, Mare Island (San Francisco Bay), and Port Orchard (Puget Sound); there are less important yards at Portsmouth (N. H.) and Pensacola (Fla.), and a yard of considerable importance is being developed at Charleston, S. C. In England the term dockyard (see ) is equivalent to the American designation navy yard. The great naval establishments on the Continent of Europe are generally termed (q.v.).  NAWANAGAR,. A seaport of India. See.  NAX′OS (Lat., from Gk. ). The largest, most beautiful, and most fertile of the Cyclades.<section end="Naxos" />