Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/341

* NAVAL SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION. 297 NAVARRE. deft'iisc, and a sclionl for ciilistfcl men (Eur- fisskolun) :ihea(ly iii<'iiti(]m-cl, and a gunnery selu)(jl. In the Turkish navy the course of instruction is supposed to hist ten years; four j'cars at the priniaiy silmol of Kassimpasha. four years in the preparatory school on the island of Plalki, and two years at the naval school proper, also on the island of llalki. Frnni the naval school the cadets graduate with the rank of lieutenant {mulazim ) . Consult : the Proceedings of the United States Xaial Iiistilute (Annapolis) ; Journal of the Ttoyal United Service Institution (particularly the number for October, 1901) (London) ; Bras- sey's ^'<n^<ll Annual ( Portsnuaith, 1880 et seq. ) ; Annual Reports of the Ofjicc of Naval Intelli- gence (particularly the volume for 1888) (Wash- ington) ; Soley, Foreign Stistems of Naval Edu- cation (United States Navy Department, Wash- ington. 1880): Buchard, Marines ctrangcres (Paris, 1891). See Naval Academy; Cahet, N.wal; N.wies; and section on Naval Appren- tice under Apprentice. NAVAL SIGNALS. See Signals, Marine. NAVAL TACTICS. See Tactics, Navai.. NAVAL VETERANS, Nation.l Associa- tion OF. A patriotic society organized in New York City in January, 1887, having for its chief purpose the preservation of the traditions and memories of the United States Na^-y during the Civil War. It admits to membership any officer, appointed or enlisted man who served in the United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Revenue Marine Service during any portion of the time between April 12, 1861, and August 25, 1865, and who has been honor- ably discharged or resigned by an honorable ac- ceptance of resignation. The organization is divided into thirty-nine local associations, and has a membership of nearly 10,000. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE. See Naval Schools of Instruction. NAVARINO, nli'varO'no. . town of Greece, in the Morea and in the Nomarchy of Messenia, at the southern extremity of the Bay of Navarino. It is at present officially called Pglos. The an- cient Pylos was at the northern extremity of the bay, and is now called Pakrolastro and Palwo- Navarino. Population, about 3000. Along the front of the bay stretches the island of Sphagia, or Sphaeteria (q.v.). In 1492 the Turks cap- tured Navarino. and held it. with two or three short periods of interruption, till 1821, when it passed into the hands of the Greeks, In 1825 it was taken by Ibrahim Pasha, and on October 20, 1827, in the Bav of Navarino, the allied British, French, and Russian fleets, numbering twenty- four ships and commanded by the British Ad- miral Sir Edward Codrington, defeated the com- bined Turkish and Egyptian fleets, comprising eighly-nine ships of war. In this battle sixty of the Ottoman ships were destroyed outright, and the rest were driven ashore in a shattered condi- tion. The Turks lost 0000 men, while less than 200 of the allies were killed. The battle of Na- varino brought about the achievement of Greek independence. Consult Memoir of Sir Edward Codrinritiin. by his daughter (187.S). NAVARRE, na^vjir'. A former independent ki-ngdom on both sides of the western Pyrenees, now constituting the Spanish Province of Na- varra (capital Pamplona), and part of the French Department of Basses-Pyrenfes. The I'rovinee of Navarre has au area of about 4050 square miles. A large portion consists of wooded mountains and well-watered valleys. The region alxiut Pamplona is a treeless plateau. In the south, in the valley of the Kbro, is a fruitful district, called the Kibera (sliore). In the south- east is a barren salt steppe. The region is drained by the Ebro, its alHuents, the Ega and Aragon, the Arga, an affluent of the Aragon, and the Bi- dassoa. The population of the province is about 300,000. History. This territory was occupied in an- cient times by the ^'ascones, the present stock of the Basques, and Uiey were never entirely subju- gated by the Romans. The Visigoths met with sturd3' resistance from the Basques, and had to content them.selves with a nominal overlordship. The Basques were enabled to maintain some in- dependence even during the Saracen conquest. Charles the Great, toward the close of the eighth century, conqueretl their country and made it a part of the Spanish mark. It soon became independent of the Franks and for a time its history is very imperfectly known. Apparent- ly Sancho (iarcia (905-925). who wrested the re- gion of the Upper Ebro from the Saracens, was the first to bear the title of King of Navarre. In the form of government the Basque influence and the tribal feelings were strong, and the govern- mental institutions were primitive. The King was elected, and limited in his power by a council of twelve nobles. The kingdom developed rapidly by conquests. Sancho III., the Great, who died in 1035, was also King of Castile, and Aragon was under his control as a dependency of Navarre, He divided his kingdom among his three sons. Sancho IV. of Navarre was murdered in 1076 and the nobles chose King Sancho of Aragon as their ruler. Until 1134 Navarre was united with ,ragon (q.v.); In that year the King of Aragon, Alfonso the Battler, bequeathed his king- doms to the Templars and Hospitalers. The peo- ple of Navarre, dissatisfied, chose the son of Sancho IV. as King and recovered their independ- ence. The country continued under this dynasty for a himdred years, but Navarre, shut in by Cas- tile and Aragon, was prevented from developing by conquests from the Moors. In 1234 Navarre passed by inheritance, to Champagne. Queen .loanna of Navarre married Philip IV. of France in 1284, and from that time until the extinction of the Capetian dynasty, in 1328, the history of Navarre was intimately connected with that coun- try. Then the kingdom went, as a tlowry, to Philip of Evreux, who married Joanna, daughter of Louis X. Her son was Charles the Bad. (See Charles II. of Navarre.) His grand-daughter Blanche married King .Tohn of Aragon. and Na- varre was connected with Aragon from 1458 until 1479. .John's daughter, Eleanora, who succeeded to the throne of Navarre in 1479, was married to Gaston de Foix, Viscount of B6arn, and thus Beam was united with Navarre, Eleanora died soon after her accession and was succeeded by Francis Plucbus. His successor. Catharine de Foix, married in 1484 a French noble, Jean d'Albrct. In 1512 Ferdinand of Aragon con- quered what is now the Spanish portion of Na- varre. The kingdom was thus reduced to .a small district, to the north of the Pyrenees. Jeanne