Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/332

* NATTTBE- WORSHIP. 288 NAUGATTTCK. conception in the disk symbol and mythological I'haractciization as arrow-shooting, pest-bringing, and yet kindly disposed divinities. The sun is represented in many religions, as in India, under the figure of a bull or horse, or bird, or as riding in a car dragged by seven steeds, or as having rays. .Sun and moon are the goal of souls in several religions, such as the Polynesian an<l Hindu. All worship of phenomena tends to personifi- cation. The question how far the thing and how far the spirit in the thing is worshiped cannot !«? answered cati'gorically. for the answer depends on time, plaee, and object. Kventually. as in (ireece and Germany, in Zeus and Wodan, the physical background almost vanishes, and only spirits remain, conceived as <)uitc human. Even in the earliest stages of phenomenolatry, there does not appear to be any worsliip of the object as a physical thing, but only as a spirit-holding or spirit-iinbue<l. i.e. spiritualized object, though in this stage spirit and life may not l)e distinguished. .-s to wiiether man first worshiped major or minor objects of nature, opiniim is dividi'd, as it is in regard to animism prceciling nature-wor- ship. (Jenerally speaking. English scholars hold to animism as the earliest: German scholars to nature in its grander aspects ; and the l'"rench to minor nature-worship. From an ethical point of view, it is to be observed that pure naturc-worshij) cannot be sharply sundered from 'ethical reli- gions.' Even tabdo (q.v.) is ethical, and lofty ethics is found in connection with purely physical gods. The 'eye of heaven' that marks the sin of man is a natural interpretation of the all-seeing sun as soon as a man evolves ethical ideas and at- tributes them to his gods. Consult: Tylor. Primitive Culture (Boston, 1874): Max Miiller. Natural Reliction {2d ed., London, ISSG) : Lang, Matiic and Ifclifiion ( ib., 1001): Saussaye, Krlifiioiisfieschiihtr (Freiburg, 1887) ; Brinton, Mj/tlis of the Xeir World (New York, 1868) : Moorehead, I'rimitivr Man in Ohio ( ih., 18n2): Fergusson, Trie and (Serpent "Worship, and Rude ^lone Monumnitu (London. 1872) : Sayce, Kelifiion of the Ancient liabji- lonians (ib., 1887): .Tastrow, Rrliijion of liahji- Ionia and Assyria (Boston, 18!)8) : Reville, Na- tive Religions of Mexico and Peru (London, 1884) : Crooke, Popular Reliqion and Fnlk-Lore of orthern India (Westminster. I8!1(!) : D'.l- viella. La minnilion des siiwhohs (Paris, 1801) : Lefevre, La religion (ib.. 1802) : Waring, 7'orHis of Solar and alurc Wor.ihi/) (London. 1874); Buckland. AnthrnpoUiqienl Studies ( ih., 1801); Frazer, tUddm Hough (ib.. 1000). NAUBERT, nou1)ert, Fnip;i)nu'i[ August ( lS:iO-07). . (ierman composer, bom at Schkeu- ditz. Province of Saxony. He studied at the Stern Conservalorium of Berlin, and became organist and instructor in vocal uuisic in the gymnasium of N'eubrandenburg. Mecklenburg- Sfrelitz. He attained a considerable reputation as n vocal composer of the school of Robert Kranz. His publications incluile .soli, duets, trios, quartets, and choral works for four, si., and pi*;ht vniccj. NATJCK, miuk. August (1822-02). A Ger- man ela.ssical scholar. He was born at Auer- atedt. and after studying at the University of Halle, taught at several gymnasiums at Berlin until about 18,'iO. when he became member extraordinary of the Imperial Academy of Sci- ences at Saint Petersburg, lie remained in that city until his death. His best-known works arc: Aristophanis By::antii Uramnialiei Alexundrini Fragmentu (1848) ; the complete works of Euri- l)ides, with the fragments (1854) : an annotated edition of Sophocles (Suphoclis Traga-dice), based >ipon Schneidewin ( 1867 ) ; Homer's Odyssee (1874) and llias (1877-79); lamblichi de Vita I'ythagoricu Liber (1884) : select works of Por- phyrius, Porphyrii Philosophi Opuscula Tria (1800; 2d enlarged ed.. Opuscula iielecta, 1886) ; and his greatest work, Tragicorunt Grweorum Fragment a (1856; 2d ed. 1889; with the Trugica Diclionis Index, 1892). The last work is con- sidered the standard edition. Consult Zielinski, August Xauch (Berlin, 1894), where his writings are enumerated, NAU 'GRATIS (Lat., from Gk. XacitpaTts ). An ancient city of Egypt, situated on the Canopic branch of the Nile, near the modern Nebireh, 53 miles southeast of Alexandria by rail. It was under King Amasis II, the only place in Egypt whcie tireeks were allowed to settle and trade, and thus became a very flourish- ing (ireek colony. On the successful excavations of Petric. consult his Xaucratis (Ixmdon, 1886- 87). Pctrie thinks that the Greek settlements at Naucratis may date from as early a period as n.c. 050. NAXJCY'DES (Lat.. from Gk. Xou/cMt,!, Xau- kydes) (called OF AnGOS). A Greek sculptor of the fifth century B.C. He was trained in the manner of Polyclitus 1., and was the master of his brother Polyclitus 11. A Discobolus, now in the Vatican, is believed to be a copy of a work by him, A gold and ivory Hebe, and statues of Hecate, Hermes, Erinna the poet, and some groups of athletes arc mentioned by writers of his time, and later, as works of this sculptor. NATJDET, n.Vda'. .Tosepii (1786-1878). A French historian, born in Paris. He was made professor of l.iitin ])octry at the College of France in 1821 and was director of the Royal Library from 1840 to 1860. He was also a member of the Ac:idemy. His works include: Histoire de la guerre des esclares en Sicile (1807) : Histoire de I'^tablissenicnl, des progrcs et de la decadence de la monarchic des (loths en Italic (1811) : La conjuration d'Etienne Marcel (1815); and De I'lidminislralion des postes die:: Ics Roninins (186.3). NATIE, nouV. .Tui.irs (1834—). A German painter and archicologist. born at Kilthen. An- lialt. He studied in Nuremberg and in Munich (1861-66). His liest-known works include: "The Fairy-talc of Emperor Henry I. and Princess Use" (1865-67). in water colors: "Germania." '■Roma," and six other great frescoes (1868), for a villa near Lindau: "The Myth of Prometheus" (1872-73). in water colors;' "The Fate of the (iods" (1875-77), cycle in fresco; .ind seven paintings in tempera from flic epic "Ilelgi anil Sigrtin" (1870). Subsequently he took up the stuily of Bavaria's prehistoric period, made nu- merous excavations of moimds. and published Die priihistorischen Sehucrtcr (1S8.'J): Die Uil- gctgrnhcr zu'ischcn Ammcr- und Staff elsee (1887): and Die lironze:eit in Obcrbaycrn (1804 1. NAUGATTTCK, n«'gft tuk. A (own and bor- ough (coexfcnsive) in New Haven County. Conn.,