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* NATBON. 276 NATURALISM. arts, especially in eiubaliiun^. Of like clianicter is the cailjijiuite of soda t'ouiul at the Ijnttoiii of the lake at Layunillas near Meriila, N'eiiezuela, wliieli is called by the liidiaus Lrao. Similar etUoresceiiees are found in San IJernardino and Inyo counties, California, where they are formed bv the spontaneous evaporation of saline waters. NATTER, mit'ter, Heixricii (1840-02). An Austrian xulptor, born at Graun, Tyrol. He studied at the I'olytechnieum in Augsburg and at the Academy in Munich. He lived in Munich and afterwards in Vienna. lie^ides many por- trait busts of celebrities, he produced a number of memorial statues and jri-oups, notably the ■■Zvinj;li Moininient" (188.5) at Zurich: (he "Haydn Monument" (1887) in Vienna; "Walther von der Vogehveide" (188!)) at Bozen; and the heroic statue of "Andreas Uofcr" (18!)2) on Mount Iscl. near Innsbruck, his principal work. NATTERJACK (from AS. iKcdrc, Goth. vudrO, Ger. Xnttei; adder + jack). A common, light-colored, rather smooth toad (liafo calam- ila ), of Western Kurope, found in sandy dis- tricts. Its active habits have given it the name 'runniuL,' toad' in some parts of England. NATTIER, na'tyfi', Je^vn Mahc ( l(i83-1766). A French portrait painter, born in Paris. He was the son of the painter J. B. Nattier, and a pupil of .Jean .Jouvenet. He won the Academy jirize in 1700, became a member of that body in 171H. and professor in 1752. He went to Amster- liam in 1715 and there painted jiortraits of I'eter the Great, of his wife. Catharine I., and of members of their suite. If Rigaud is the ])ainter par excellence of the men of his time. Nattier iias done as much for the women. There are many portraits by him at Versailles, such as those of Maria Leszczynska. Madame TTenriette de France (1751-54). Madame Adelaide, Madame Victoire, and Louise Henriette de Hourbon. Madame de Chateaurou. as "Dawn," and Ma- dame de Klavacourt as "Silence," are two of his best known works. "Magdalen in a Grotto" is his only work in the Louvre. NAT TURNER'S INSURRECTION. See TiK.NKU. Nat. NATUNA (naton'na) ISLANDS. A gr.mp of islands in the South Cliina Sea, northwest of Borneo, belonging to Holland (.Map: Australasia, C 2). They are for the most part densely wooded and mountainous, hut have some culti- vated tracts which produce maize, rice, sago, and cocoannts. The area is estimated at 803 square miles, and the inhabitants, who are chiefly Malay Jishcrnicn. number about 8000. NATURAL (from Lat. naturalis, according to nature, frnm iidliini. nature, from nasri. to be born: connected with Gk. ylyi'tirSat, iiijim sthni. to become, Skt. jnii. to beget, .S. ccikkiji, obsolete Eng. Ath. to beget). In music, the sign b^. which, placed l«'fore a note, counteracts the efTect of a previous S or b iii<l restores the note to its nor- mal or natural place. To counteract a double sharp or a double flat (X- bb) a single natural is used, although it was formerly customary to write a double natural ( k^ l^ ). This form is superfluous anil incorrect. In :i key with many sharps or Hats a doiibly raised or lowereil inter- val is generally restored to the chromatically altered tone reipiired by the key signature. Thus, in G flat n bte would be restored, not to b, but to b[), which is indicated by bf b- Likewise in a .■^ignature with sharps the natural sign appears as tq S. NATURAL BRIDGE. One of the chief nat- ural ijuriusities in the United States. It ia situated in Rockbridge County, Va., 115 miles west of Richmond (Map: Virginia, E 4). The bridge spans a deep chasm, through which a small stream flows. It is composed of a hard siliceous limestone in horizontal strata, and is the renmant of the roof of a great cave which formerly covered liie gorge. Tliis remnant now remains in the form of an arch 215 feet higli. The sp.ui of the arch is from 45 to 00 feet, and the thickness of its crown is about 40 feet, while its average width is 60 feet. A public road passes amiss it. NATURAL GAS. See Gas, Natural. NATURAL HARMONICS. See Harmonics. NATURAL HISTORY. A term used at dif- ferent times anil liy dillVrcnt authors in a variety of senses. It was :ipplied at lirst to the stuly of all n:itural objects, including minerals, rocks, and all living beings. The study of external nature, and of the jilK'nomena or laws governing the movements of natural bodies, was formerly opposed to metaphysics, history, literature, etc. After a while astronomy and cheniistry were eliminated from natural history; then natural philosophy, or what is now called physics, was separated from chemistry. But naluriil science, as distinguished from physical science, has made such progress that we must now know whether our ii:ituralist is a mineralogist, a geologist, a paleontologist, a botanist, a zoiilogist, or a specialist in some narrower dei)artment of bio- logical study. At present natural history is confined to the study of organic nature, or biology, and students of general physiology and morphology are called biologists. See Biology; Bionomics. NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBOBNE. A work by Kcv. (Jillurt While (ITS'.li. ll was produced from letters written liy the ;iith(ir to Thomas Pennant and to Daines Harrington on outdoor life in a Hanqishire village. rilten in a style simple and entirely free from self-con- sciousness, it shows wonderful observation of nature, with a ehuni that made it an English classic. NATURALISM. The name given in philoso- phy In ;iny system which seeks to explain the order of the universe by elVicient causation alone, without calling in the aid of conscious purpose. (See CAtSAl.iTY.) The most jjrevalent forms of naturalism li.ave been mechanistic, i.e. have at- temi)ted to reduce efTicicnt causation to me- chanical causation. For instance, the systems of Democritus. Epicurus, and Lucretius attempted to account for the universe as we know it by the fall of atoms. A more elaborate form of the same attempt is to Ix" found in mo merely mechanistic. It nmy recognize the f:ict that psychic |)henoniena have laws of their own which cannot be ileduced from the laws of motion; for the recognition of unique psychological laws may very well go with a refusal to regard the whole course of nature, physical and psyihi<'al, as in any way controlled by an overruling pur- pose. Many so-called materialists, e.g. Feuerbach,