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* NATIONAL EDUCATION. 273 NATIONAL HYMNS. American I'ciluyuyy (Hartford, 1870) ; Boone, Education in the United Stales (New York, l.S'.JO) ; Wiiisliip. Great Anierivan f-klucators{C - cajjo. lltDO) ; Adams, llistari/ of tlie Elementary ScIkmI Cuntest in EnyUmd (London, ISS'i) : Aronslein, Englische titudien (18!)7); Balfour, Educational Systems of (Ireat Britain and Ire- land (Oxford. 18!)8) ; lleport of the Committee of Council on Education. ( Enj;land and Wales, 1872- !)1. !I2) ; Hamilton, "I'ojiular Education in Eng- land and Wales since 1882," in ,^tatistical Society of London Journal (18U0); llazlitt, Schools, School Hooks, and School-nuuiters ( London, 1888 ) ; .Mackenzie. Treatise on the Elementary Education. Acts 1S70-'J1 (ib., 18',)2) ; Klenim, "Brief State- ment of tile School System of Prussia," in United tftates Education Bureau, Jieport of the Commis- sioner (1888-90); Parsons, Prussian Schools Through American Eyes (Syracuse, 1891) ; Paul- sen, Ueber die gegcnwiirtiye Lage des hoheren Schuhresens in Preussen (Berlin, 1893) ; Tews, Die preussische ^'olksschul€ (Bielefeld, 1889); Slatislisches Jahrbuch der hoheren Scliulen Deutschlands : Ccntralblatt fiir die ycsamte Un- ierrichtsierwaUung in Preussen: Compayr^, 27 is- toire critique de doctrines de Viducalion en prance depuis le seizieme sicclc (Paris, 1885) ; (irfiard. La legislation de I'instruction pri- maire en France depuis 1789 (ib., 1890-91); llcinzig. Die Schulen Frankreichs (Leipzig.lSdS) ; Levasseur, "Statistique de I'enseignement pub- licjue primaire au XIXe sifeele," in Institut de France (Paris, 1900) ; Jley, Frankreiehs Schulen (Leipzig, 1901) ; Annuaire de I'instruction pub- tirjue et des beaux-arts. NATIONAL GALLERY. An important pic- ture i;;illiiy ill London, situated on the north side of Trafali;ar Square. It was erected from de- signs bv Wilkins between 1832 and 1838. and original'lv cost £96,000. It was enlarged in 1860, ls7r,. aiid 1886. The gallery, formed in 1824, was rapidly increased and has received impor- tant collections of paintings, presented or be- qneatlied by Vernon in 1847, Turner in 1856, and Ellis in 1876. The Peel collection was purchased in 1871. It has a valuable series of the older Italian artists, and contains the most costly single painting in the world. Raphael's "JIadonna deuH Ansidei." purchased from the Duke of Marlborough in 1884 for £70,000. NATIONAL GUARD (Fr. Garde Nat ionalc). From 17S!i to 1>^71 the name of the French militia under nuuiicipal control, recruited from tlu' Imrgber class. The French Revolution really brought about the creation of the National Guard, though guards of a like nature had existed in some towns previous to 1789. In that year, how- ever, they were instituted in Paris, on the sug- gestion of Jlirabeau, by the Revolutionary Com- mittee, as a check on the Royalists. The National Guard thus constituted numbered 48.000 men, and Lafayette received the command. Other battalions were organized in the provinces, and very soon, on paper, the total strength of the National Guard of France was 4.000.000 — though the actual available force was not more than 300.000. In 1795. after the National Guard had gone through many of the most eventful scenes of the Revolution, it was reorganized on a less democratic basis. The result was that it showed Royalist leanings. It rose against the Convention shortly before the dissolution of that body, but the movement was promptly suppressed by Bona- parte with grape-shot. This was tlie insurrection of the 13th 'endemiaire (October 5th). For a time the National Guard ceased practically to exist. In 1805, however, the Emperor Napoleon reorganized it and it rendered him good and elTicient service, particularlv in the disastrou.s years 1813-14. After 1815 "the National Guard was still maintained, but in 1827 it was dis- solved by Charles X. Its members were al- lowed, however, to retain their arms, and many of them participated in the .July Revolu- tion of 1830, at which time the National tiuard, as an institution, was revived. During the reign of Louis Philii)])e it was prominent. In 1848 it helped do away with the monarchy and establish the Republic. After undergoing va- rious reorganizations in 1848, 1852, and 1855 it again became firmly established. The National Guard fought in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and at the capitulation of Paris its members were allowe<l to retain their arms. The result was that <iuring the Commune of 1871 numbers of National (iuardsmen went over to the Communists. (See Commune. ) After the estab- lishment of the third French Republic the Na- tional Guard was abolished — its place being taken bj' the system of universal military con- scription. Consult: Poisson, L'urmec et la garde nationale (Paris, 1858-62) ; Thounias, Les a»- ciennes armccs fran.faises des origines d 1870 (Paris, 1890). For the National (uard of the United States, see Militia. NATIONAL HYMNS. It is only within comparatively modern times that patriotism has found expression through the medium of a na- tional song. In the few cases where a national hynm dates back several hundred years, it will be found to have assumed its rejiresentative char- acter recently. National music is inseparably connected with folk-music ( q.v. ), but is a later development, and instead of representing the work of individuals (influenced by similar condi- tions and surroundings) it embodies the feelings, tendencies, and ideas of a people. In other words, folk-music is individual in its character rather than national. Needless to say, however, it is the forerunner and basis of national music, which often reaches its culmination in the na- tional hymn. The following list of national hymns cov'ers the most im|)ortant ones. It is compiled largelv from Sousa's Airs of All Lands (Philadelphia, 1890) : Argentine Republic — "Oid, mortales, el grito sagrado" (1810) (Hear, oh Mortals, the Sacred Call). Music by D. V. Lopez. Austria— "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" (1797). Words by L. L. Hasehka; music by J. Haydn. Belgium — "La Brabanconne" (national air) ; by F. Canipenhout. Bohemia — "War-song of the Hussites." Brazil — "Hymno da Proclamaeao da Ilepub- lica" (1889) "(Hymn of the Proclamation of the Republic). Words by Medeiros e Albuqiierque; music bv Leopoldo Miguez. Burma — "Kayah Than" (Sound the Trumpet). Chile — "Dulee Patria" (national air) ; by Car- nicer. Costa Rica — "De la Patria." Music by M. M. Gutierrez. Denmark — "King Kristian stod ved hojen