Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/237

* MUTTTLE. 199 MYCEN^. primitive brick and wood style from which the boric- order developed. MUTtJTJM (Lat., loan). A loan of any ar- ticle or commodity for consumption by the bor- rower, who agrees to return the articles in hind. The term and the rules governing such contracts originated in the Konian law, and were adopted into the English and Scotch law at an early period and became a part of the common law. It is not a true bailment, as the article itself is not to be returned, and it does not create a debt, as no money payment is to be made. The title to the commodity lent passes to the borrower, and, therefore, it seems like a contradiction in terms to employ the terminologj' of bailments to such contracts. It has been held in a few States that the delivery of grain to a miller for grind- ing is a contract of mutuum, and that the miller is only bound to return flour of the same quality that the grain delivered would have produced. The important effect of this doctrine on such a state of facts would lie that the miller would still be bound to deliver the flour if the grain were destroyed. Consult Story, Baihnents ; id., Fun- gihlrs. MXJYSCA, mvi-e'ska. A confederacy of South American Indians. See ClIIBCHA. MUZAFFAR-ED-DIN^ nio3-zil'fer-ed-den' (1S.>3 — ). Shah of Persia, the second son of Xasr-ed-Din (q.v. ). He was born at Teheran, March 2.5, 1853. He was appointed Governor of the Province of Azerbaijan, but was recalled for failing to suppress an uprising of the Kurds. .lreaily declared heir apparent during his father's lifetime. iIuzafTar-ed-I)in became Shah .June 8. ISflfl, after Xasr-ed-Din's assassination by a Babi (see Babism) on May 1. In early life an almost fanatical ilohammedan, he showed great toler- ance as Shah, particularly in his repression of an outbreak against the Christian Armenians at Kazoni in 1890. He further relieved his subjects at his accession of the taxes on meat and bread, and likewise abolished the system of pureliasc of civil and military positions. Of this change from his earlier character the European inlluenee, es- pecially that of the French, under which he eanie in Teheran, is the main cause. He twice visited Europe, first at the time of the Paris Exposition in 1000. when an unsuccessful attem])t to assassi- nate him was made by an anarchist named Sal- son, and again in 1002. MUZAFFARPUB., muz'af-er-poor'. The cap- ital of a district in Bengal, British India, on the right liank of the Little Gandak River, 37 miles northeast of Patna (Map: India, E 3). It is a well-built town with a numerously attended high school and a German mission. Saltpetre is largely mined in the district, and there is a con- siderable trade, esiieciallv in indigo and saltpetre. Population, in 1807, 40,i02; in 1001. 45,617. MTJZAKOVA, mu'zha-k6'vii, JonANA (1830 — ). A Bohemian novelist,, known by her pseu- donym, Karolina Svetla. She was born at Pragie and her name was Rott before she married Pro- fessor Muzak. After 1858, when her first novel. Double Airtikeninf), was published, she proka I- hiiRnikovi ('-Poet's Love," 18(50) : Prnri CesL-a (18(il); Tesnicl'i/ roman ("Village Romance." ISfiO) : FTOnfnm'(1870) : Kriz n jmtnkn ("The Cross Beside the Stream," 1871) : and Bnrhara (1S73), besides essays, memoirs, and songs. MTJZIANO, mijotsC-u'no. Girolamo (1528- 02 I . Italian painter of the Mannerist School. He was born at Aipiafredila, near Brescia, whence he was also called Brcs-ancj. His first master was the painter Girolamo l!oiiianino,and he afterwards studied in Venice under Titian. Proceeding to Rome, he adopted the manner of Michelangelo, whose favor he gained by his first painting of im- ])ortance, "The Resurrection of Lazarus," now in the Quirinal Palace. He is best known for his improvement of mosaics and the foundation of the Academy of Saint Luke, which was largely due to his efforts and endowment. He was also celebrated among contemporaries for his landscapes. Jlost of his jiictures are in the palaces and churches of Rome. Among the best are: "Ucscent from the Cross," Borghese Gallery; "Christ Giving the Keys to Peter," his masterpiece ; and a "Flagel- lation," in the Vatican. His principal surviving frescoes are in the Vatican and at Foligno. Though an imitator of Jlichelangelo, he preserved the excellencies of Venetian coloring. He died in Rome. April 27, 1502. MY'ALI'NA (Neo-Lat., diminutive of Lat. mya, from Gk. /i«'o|, mi/ax, sea-mussel, from iws, myi, muscle, mussel, mouse). A fossil pel- eeypod somewhat resembling in shape a mussel (Mytilus), that is very common in the Carbonif- erous and Permian rocks, and hence an inde.K fos- sil of those periods. The genus is of interest also as possibly representing an intermediate stage between the Aviculidte and Mytilidte, with both of which families it has characters in com- mon. MYC'ALE (Lat., from Gk. Mi-icdXT;. ih/kale). The ancient name of a mountain, now called Sam- sun, in the south of Ionia in Asia Minor. It ter- minates in the promontory of Cape Santa ilaria. opposite the island of Sanios. To the shore of this promontory the fleet and army of Xerxes with- drew in B.C. 479 on the news of the approach of a Greek fleet. The Greeks under the Spartan King Leotyehides and the Athenian Xanthippus. father of Pericles, followed them, landed, and after a severe struggle stormed the Persian camp and burned the ships. MYCE'LIUM (Xeo-Lat„ from Gk. ^fe,,?, nn/kfs. fungus -|- ijXos, hclos, nail, wart). A collection of fungal filaments (hypha?) making up the plant body. See Fungi. M:YCE'N.ffi (Lat., from Gk. Uvktjvm, Mykc- luii). An ancient city of Greece, situated on a steep hill in the northeastern corner of the .rgolic Plain, commanding the passes toward Corinth. It was said to have lieen founded by Perseus and to have been rilled by his descendants until they were superseded by Pelops. It is celebrated in legend as the capital of .gamemnon. Here was laid the scene of the terrible story of the house of Atreus, and here was stored the wealth of Aga- memnon. After the epic period, the city seems to have been completely overshadowed by the power of Argos, but it still preserved a quasi-inde- pcndenee, for during the Persian wars, when Argos was friendly to Persia, we hear of eighty Mycena'ans at Thermopyla>, and along with Tiryns it sent two hundred men to Plata'a. Later !MyeeniT> joined the Spartan league, hut when the Spartans were occupied by the re- volt of the Helots, in B.C. 40."!. the Argives be- sieged the city and expelled the inhabit-ants. From that time the place was the seat of a small