Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/174

* MTTEFREE. 142 MTJRILLO. Mountain, and Olhrr filurivs (1895) ; The Young Mountainrcrx (1S87); The Huxhirhackers, and Other Utories (18il!)); .1 (Spectre of I'ouer (1!I03). MURTBEESBORO. A city and the county- seat <if Kutlicrtoid County, Tenn., '.ii miles soiith- enst uf Xaslivillc: on the Xa.slivillc. Chattanooga and Saint Louis Kailroad (Map: Tennessee. E 5). It is the seat of Soule I'Vniale Collefre (Methodist Episcopal. South). opcMied in 1852, and of the Moone.v School, established in 1901. The city is the centre of an agricultural region largely in- terested in cotton and fruit growing, and has manufactures of tlour. luniher, cedar ware, leath- er, carriages, cotton gins, machine shop products, etc. Xear the city is the Stone River hattlefield (see Stone Rivkh. Battle of), the site of a na- tional cemetery with 0150 graves. 2333 of un- known dead. Murfreeshoro was first settled in 1811. and was incorporated in 1817. From 1819 to 1825 it was the State capital. Population, in 1890, 3739: in 1900, 3999. MTJRFREESBORO, B.vtti.k or. Sec Stoxe RivKH. Hatti.k of. MURGEB, mi.ir'zha', Henri (I822-G1). A I'rituli iiiivelist and poet, l)urn in Paris. March 24, 1822, who made attractive to his readers the irresponsible life of artists and students in Paris. Among his worl:s are: Seines de la lie de lioheme (1848) : Scenes de la rie de jeunesse (1851) : Les bureurs d'eau (1854); Madame Oli/mpe (1859): other prose tales; iind the poems Leg vuits d'hirer (I8(>1). To Murger, if to any one writer, literature perhaps owes the word 'Bo- hemia,' signifying not a geographical spot, but a moral condition. Murger left some classic tales and songs of dissolute tliriftlessness and literary impecuniosity that have deluded a generation into looking hack with dreamy regret on the sordid follies of their student days. The first Romantic generation, that of Cautier, had real enthusiasm, the ardor and fervor of renascence, for which .Murg<'r'.-< whiiusical hysteria of merriment and his vicious sentimentality are but a jionr substitute. Murger was trained for the law, became for a time secretary of Count Leo Tolstoy, but like that earlier Bohemian, ^'iIlon, he chose dissipation rather than decency. He died in a charity hospi- tal in Paris, .lanuary 28, 1801. .V monument was recently erected to his memory, not without protest. Several of Murger's songs are trans- lated by .Andrew Lang in liallads and f.iiries of Old I'liiiiee (London, 1872). 'Kstimates' of Mur- ger bv fellow-Bohemians may be found in Les vuils'd'hirer (Paris. 1802). MTJRGHAB, mTmr-giib'. A river of Central Asia, ri-ing in the Paropamisiis Mountains, on the northern boundary of .Afghanistan (ifap: Afghanistan, .T 3). It flows northwest into Rus- sian Turkestan, irrigates the 'Merv Oasis, and after a course of 300 miles is lost in the sands and marshes of the desert about 1.50 miles below Aferv. MTTRIATIC ACID. See TT-i-nRonii/iRic Acid. MU'RID.a; ( Neo T.at. noni. id,, from Lat. niws, Gk. /aii, mi/.s. niou.se). The family of rats and mice, typified by the house-mouse (Mas musculus). It embraces in its seventysiv genera (Thomas) more than a tln"rd of all the rodents, is world-wide in its distriliutiiui. and includes many Rix-cies of great iniportance to man, as pests or otherwise. The family has lieen most fully mono- graphed by O. Thomas in the I'roeeedings of the Zoiiloj/ieal Society of London (1881). p. 528. Consult also authorities cited under Rodentia ; and see JIousE, R.T, Gerbil, Hamster, Wateb- Rat. 'oi.e, iU'sKB.vr, and similar titles. MURILLO, moo-rel'yd, B.RTOLOMf: Esteban (1017-82). A Spanish religious and genre paint- er of the school of Seville. He was. after Velazquez, the greatest figure in Spanish art. and unquestionably the most important religious painter of S])ain. He was born in Seville. ]iroh- ably ne<eml)cr 31. 1017. Very little is known of ills early life. When quite young he was ap- prenticed to his uncle. .Juan del Castillo, from whom he learned the rudiments of painting; but upon the departiue of the latter to Cadiz in 1040, Murillo was left without means, and for the succeeding two years he supported himself by painting rough, brilliantly colored pictures for the Feria, a weekly market. His close con- tact with the beggars and print-sellers gave him unusual opportunity for studying their char- acteristics, and his reproductions of them upon canvas exhibit a sympathy and realism alike notable. These earlier works may l)e cited as representing the artist's first period, during which he attained results intensely individual- ized and at the same time expressive of the type. The example of iloya, a fellow pupil in the studio of Castillo, made Murillo discontented with his [losition at Seville, and he rescdved to visit Rome, hut, not having the means for the longer journey, set out on foot for Madrid. "elazquez gave him shelter in his own house and access to the royal galleries, where, with untiring zeal, he copied Ribera, Titian, Ru- liens, Van Dyck, Velazquez, and other masters. This course of practice, extending from 1042 to 1045. gave him a much freer style an<l greater control of color — the chief characteristics of his second period. This era. generally known as his •warm [calido] style.' was characterized by the execution of works exhibiting es[)ecially a mas- terly c(mtrol of color contrasts. The series of pictures upon which the painter was employed from 1045 to 1048 for the small Franciscan con- vent near Casa del ., intamienlo typify the early works of this second period, and through their success he received many commissions. In 1048 Murillo married a wealthy and noble wife, and his house became the resort for the distinguished people of Seville. In 1050. upon the death of Pachceo. he became the acknowl- edged head of the Seville school and the president of the academy founded in 1000. During these years he was conlimially improving in style, becoming more idealistic in conception and in- dividual in technique. The result of this transi- tional epoch was the third period or last phase, known as el rn/wroxo. from a certain vaporous or misty effect produced. A favorite sulijcct of this era was the "Immaculate Conception." which he painted no fewer than twenty times, the most famous example being in the Louvre. Paris. It was tJiken from Spain by Marshal Soult. and bought bv the French Government at the Soult sale, in 18.52. for 580.000 francs. Murillo is very pojuilar with (he general pub- lic, but less so with the artists, who. while acknowledging his facility and charm, fiml his work lacking in technique, force, and originality. His work is highly subjective; so much so that I