Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/164

* MXJNSTER. 132 MTJNTZ. rapliy ■which was translated into Italian, French, and Latin, and passed through twenty-four edi- tions in a liundred years. MtJNSTERBERG, nu.in'ster-berK, HiGO (1S03 — ). A Gtrnian-Amorican psychologist, born in Danzig. He received the degree of Ph.D. at Leipzig in 1885 and that of iLD. at Heidelberg two years afterwards, and taught psychology at Freiburg for live years (1887-92). In"l802 he be- came professor of psychology at Harvard Univer- sity, lie devoted himself mainly to the physio- logical side of the science, anil it was under his supervision that the psychological laboratory at Harvard was organized. His nuire important publications are: Die ^yiUcnshandlu»y (1888); GedunUcniihertragung (1889) ; Der Ursprung der Siltlichkeit (1889); Beitriige zur experimentel- len Psi/chologie (1891): Psycholoqxi and Life (1899)": (Iriindziige der Pst/cliologie (1900); American Traits (1901). MUNSTER-LEDENBURG, mi.in'ster Wden- bOiorK, FiR.N.sr Frikdkhu Hf.rhert, Graf zu (17CC- IS.'iill. A Hanoverian statesman. Hi' was born at Osnabriick; studied at Gilttingen, and in 1788 entered the governmental service of Hanover. For three years ( 1801-04) he was Ambassador to Saint Petersl)urg, and as Cabinet Minister at London immediately afterwards did nuich to bring about the entente between Russia and England. His foreign policy was marked by deep opposition to Napoleon. In 181.3-14 he was at the headquarters of the allied forces, and he was a member of the Vienna Congress (1814-15). In Germany his programme was progressive, but anti-1'russian; the constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover and its formation in the midst of Prussia may be considered typical of his policy. In }BS Miln- stcr retired from office. Consult Ilormayr, E. F. H. Cnif MiiuKlcr (.Iciin, IS?.")). MUNSTER-LEDENBURG, Georg Herbekt, Graf zu, Frciherr von Grotthaus (1820-1902). A German diplomat, son of the foregoing, born in Lonilon. Kngland. He was educateil at lionn, Heidcllicrg. and (iiittingcji, served for a time in the first chamber of the Hanoverian Parliament, and from ISoli to 18(i4 was envoy extraordinary of till' (Jovernment of Hanover at the Court of St. Petersbur};. .After the annexation of Hanover to Prussia in 180fi he declared himself pro-Prussian, and from 1807 was a member of the Upper House. He represented Goslar in the Diet of the North German Confederation from 18(17 to 1870, and in the German Reichstag from 1871 to 1873. He became .-Vmbassador at London in 1873. at Paris in 1885, and in 1900 retired from the diplomatic service. He wrote sevi'ral works on contemporary German and Continental public allairs. including PoUtischc Sliizzcn iiher die Lagr lUiropa.f vam Wiener KongresK bin zur flegenvart (1807), and Der norddeutsehe Blind mid dessen Vehergang zu rinrni ilriit.iehen I'eiehe (2d cd. 1808). MUNTANER, moon'tn-nnr'. Ex R.m6x ( 12051330). A Spanish chronicler, born at Pera- lada. in Catalonia. On the burning of his native town by the French he became a wandering soldier and minstrel, and for thirty years led an adven- turous life. IlavinK returned to Catalonia, he began in 1325 to write in Catalan the history of the princes of .Aratron from the time of .Tames ihe Conipieror to the coronation of .lfonso IV. This chronicle of great events, of which he was an eye-witness, is valuable for the history of his lime, and is remarkable for its accuracy, homeliness, epic beauty, and grace. It remained in manuscript until the middle of the sixteenth century. The most ancient editions of the orig- inal are those of Valencia (1558) and Barcelona (1502). The former is entitled Chronica o de- scripcio dels fels e hazanayes del inclyt Rcy Don Jaumes Primer. . . e de molts de sos de- seendents, etc. It has been translated into Ger- man, Italian, and French. Lanz published an edition of the original at Stuttgart in 1S44. Consult also the edition by A. de Bofarull i Bar- celona, 1800). " MUNTHE, myn'te, LuDVlG (1841-9C). A Norwegian landscape painter, born at Aaroen, near Bergen. He was first instructed by Schicrtz, a German painter and architect at Bergen, and then became a pupil of Flamm at Diisseldorf, which he subsequently' selected for his permanent residence. - thoroughly realistic treatment char- acterizes his ])aintings, of which autunm and vin- ter scenes in stormy or gloomy weather, foicst and coast views form the prevailing subjects, and which may be judged by such specimens as a "Pine Forest in Winter" (1870), Ilamburg Gallery; ■"Wood Interior in Winter, with Stags" (1878), National Gallery, Christiania, which was award- ed the gold medal in Paris; "Birch Wood in Autumn" (1880), and "Autumn in Holland" (1895), both in National Gallery, Berlin. MUNT'JAC (.Javanese name). Any of a genus (Cervulus) of small Oriental deer which dwell solitarily in the jungle, and whose young are spotted. The species best known is that of THE INDIAN .MI-'NTJAC. India, called 'barking deer' by Anglo-Indian sportsmen, or 'kakar' (Cervulus muntjnc) by the Hindustani. It is a little larger than a roe- l)uck. Its lyratc antlers are peculiar in that they rise from pedicels alxnit five inches high, or as long as the antler itself, and have only one short basal spur. The female has no antlers: nor has she the givat exposed upper canine tusks, which, like those of the nnisk. are the eflective weapons of the bucks in their fights. Allied species, some with smaller horns, arc found in China and the Malayan islands, and an interest- ing fossil genus (.•mphitragulus). inhabiting Tertiary Europe, was totally hornless in both sexes. See Plate of Fallow Deeu, !Mt sk, etc. MXJNTZ, mynts. Charles Aciiille (1840—). A French agrieultiiraJ chemist, brother of the art critic EugSnc Milntz. He was born at Sulz,