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* MUNSELL. 131 MTINSTER. in Xorthfiold, Mass. He seltlcd in Albany, X. Y., in lS:i7. and entered journalism. He subse- quently lieeanie the etlitor of various publications, anion^ which were the Xcir Yoiic State Mf chmiir^ tile Lady's Mu<;(i::iiic, and the yew Enytnnd Uis- torical and (U'ltciiloi/icdl I'egistcr. He rendered valuable services to the cause of American his- tory by publishing the Aniuils of Albany ( 10 vols., 1840-50) ; Colkclions on the History of Albany (4 vols., 1855-57) ; and a series of book.s, some of considerable value, known as the "Munsell Historical Series." MXJNSEY, mun'sl. Fr.>;k Andrew (1854—). An American publLslier, born at Jlercer, Maine. In 1SS2 he established at New York City The Uohlcn Aryosji. a children's weekly, which he afterwards changed to Tin Aryosy. a monthly for adults. In 1890 he founded Miiiisey's Weekly. which he changed to the monthly Miinsey'S' Maga- zine the next year. He also founded The Puritan and the Junior Munscy. and afterwards obtained control of the Yashington Times, the New Y'ork Daily -Yrics. and the Boston Journal. MUNSON, mfln'son, .T.4.MES Kigexe (1835 — ). An American inventor, born at Paris, Oneida County, N. Y'. He studied for a time at Amherst, then removed to Xew Y'ork City, where he became a court stenographer, ii position which he held for more than thirty years. He formu- lated the Munson system of stenography, an automatic typesetting machine, and a mechan- ism of operating typewriting machines by tele- graph, and published a number of books of phonoLirapliy. MtJNSTER, nn.in'ster. The capital of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, situated in a level district at the confluence of the Aa. with the Miinster Canal, 65 miles northeast of Diisseldorf (Map: Prussia, B 2). The town is mediiPval in a|i]>earance. with its ancient gabled buildings, old Renaissance houses, rococo dwell- ings of the eighteenth century, arcaded markets, and shaded allOes. The site of the former forti- fications, which divided the old and new towns, has been converted long since into promenades. -Miinster has many churches, of which two are prominent: Saint Lambert's and the cathedral. The former is a graceful, pleasing structure. It is Gothic, dates from the fourteenth century, has been restored in recent times, and possesses a majestic new tower. The chiroh is associated with the history of the Anabaptists in the sixteenth century. The cathedral is of the thir- teenth century, and has some noteworthy fea- tures, though none of great interest. The impos- ing Church of Our Lady also merits mention as well as the beautiful Romanesque tower of the Ludgcrikirche. The Rathaus is a handsome, gabled. Gothic structure. The Peace of Yestphalia was signed in it in 1G48, in a curious room called the Fried- enssaal, which contains portraits claimed to have been painted by Terluirg. Among the interest- ing old buildings are also the Renaissance Weigh House ; the Renaissance Stadtkeller. the head- quarters of the Kunstverein, with pictures of minor value : and the Schuhhaus, or the ancient guild-hall of shoemakers. The castle was the episcopal residence in former times, and is now occupied by the leading officials of the city. In its grounds is a botanical garden. The Govern- ment ofTiees, the law courts, and the attractive Gothic post-office are modern. The splendid modern Ludgerus fountain is adorned with in- teresting religious statues. The Roman Catholic university. whi<-h ceased to exist as sucl' in 1818, wlien the institution was reduced to a theological and a philosophical faculty (which figured as the Academy of Jliinstcr from 1S43), was revived in 1!I02 by the establisliment of a faculty of law. Xoteworthy also among the many educational in- stitutions are the royal pedagogical seminary, a seminary for priests, and two 'Ivonvikte.' iliin- ster has a JIuseum of Christian Art, the Pauline Library, with alxiut 115,000 volumes, and an ex- tensive Roman Catholic gymnasium. There is a notable zoiilogical garden, which is much fre- quented by the citizens, and contains an anti- quarian collection. The industrial products of -Miinster include leather, linen and cotton fab- rics, starch, thread, and sugar. There are also carriage works and distilleries. A large trade is carried on in the produce of the country. Car- riages and sculptures of stone are exported. The population in 1871 was 24,815; in 1001, 0.3,776, mostly Catholics. History. Miinster had its origin in a cele- brated monastery which appears as early as the time of Charles the Great. A considerable set- tlement sprang up around the monastery in the first part of the twelfth century. The town re- ceived municipal rights about 1180, and in the course of many years the inhabitants succeeded in vindicating their liberties against their feudal lords, the bishops of Miinster. In the thirteenth century ^liinster entered the Hanseatie League. In the fifteenth century it became a centre of learning and religious life, and during the Refor- mation suffered greatly from the strife of parties. In 1533 Miinster fell into the power of the Ana- baptists, whose leader, the celebrated John of Leyden (q.v. ), erected the city into a kingdom of Zion with himself as sovereign (1534). The city was taken by the Bishop in the following year, and .J.ihn of Leyden was put to death. Against the ambitious and warlike Bcrnhard of Galen, Bishop of iliinster, the city carried on a desperate struggle in defense of its rights, but it was finally compelled to submit with the loss of almost all its liberties (1661). The Bishopric of Miinster, which held a prominent place among the eccle- siastical States of the old German Empire and embraced a territory of nearly 4000 square miles, was secularized in 1803. MTJN'STER. The largest of the four prov- inces of Ireland, occupying the southwest part of that country and bounded north by Connaight, east by Leinster, and west and south by the At- lantic (Map: Ireland, C 4). It contains the six counties of Clare. Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tip- perary. and Waterford. Area, 0481 square miles. The population of the province in 1841 was 2.404,460; in 1891, 1,173,643; and in 1901, 1,075,- 075. MtlNSTER, mnn'ster, Seb.stian (1489- 1552). A German theologian and geographer. He was born at Ingelheim. studied at Heidelberg and Tubingen, and in 1529 left the Catholic Church for the Reformed. He was professor of theology and Hebrew at Heidelberg until 1536, when he became profess(n- of mathematics at Basel. He edited in 1534 the first Hebrew Bible to appear under the care of a German. But his chief work was his Oosmographia (1544), a geog-