Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/143

* MUNICH. Ill MUNICIPAL ARCHITECTURE. eniment institutions of Bavaria. It is adniinis- ti'icil liy two burgomasters, about forty magis- trates, anil some seventy couneilmcn. The an- nual bu<lget balances at approximately $4,300,- 000. The municipal debt is about $25,000,000, oH'set by nearly twice that anmunt invested in public property — mostly in buildings and grounds. Over a. third of the taxes go to the service and reduction of the debt. The charitable institutions are excellent. The popular festivals and 'DuUs' (fairs) are a feature of ^Munich. They are all elaborate and interesting — for instance, the annual carnival, the Magdalen Festival in July, and the October Festival. The last is a kind of agricultural fair which attracts the picturesque country popula- tion. The environs are of no little interest. Their most unique attraction is the fanmus Bavaria, an immense bronze statue rising on a low elevation west of the city. It is a hollow female figure 02 feet high, and cast from the bronze of foreign cannon, according to designs by Schwanthalcr. It was uncovered in IS.jO. From its head there is a good view of the city. The adjacent Hall of Fame is a Greek colonnade, dating from 1858. It holds about 100 busts of famous Bavarians, including .Jean Paul and Schelling. The Nymph- enburg is a royal chateau near the city. Its grounds are very attractive. The cemeteries of Munich are said to contain the most artistic tombs in the Empire. The population of the city has more than doulilcd in the last few decades. In 1871 it numbered 1G9.0I13; in 1000, 400,059, nearlv all Catholics. The death rate fell from 30.4 to 24.1 in a thousand from 1871 to 1S08. HisTOliY. The history of JIunich may he said to date from the time of Henrv the Lion, in the twelfth centur.'. It grew rapidlv under the House of Wittelsbach. The cit.v was fortified in 1254. Otho the Illustrious having established his residence here. In the first half of the four- teenth century the library was founded, -bout the middle of the sixteenth century the art col- lections were begun. Munich became a royal residence in 1800. From the reign of Louis I. dates the city's present magnificence. Consult: Kalin. Miiitchcn.i (jrosshidiistric iind Grosshandel (ih., 1801) ; Aufleger and Trautniann, .Ut-Miiiirhni in lidd und Wort (ib., 1895) ; and the Jnhrhiich zur Miiiirhencr (lescliiclite (ib., 1SS7 et seq.). MUNICH, Uxi-ERSITY OF. One of the leading German imiversities. founded by Duke Ludwig of Bavaria with the approval of Pope Pius II. as a Studium Generale at Ingolstadt. The members of the faculties took an oath of loyalty to the See of Rome. Though the bull authorizing the open- ing of the institution was issued in 1458, it was not opened until 1472. True to its pledge, Ingol- stadt L'niversit.v remained faithful to the Church of Rome during the trying period of the Reforma- tion. In 1550 the Jesuits gained control of the university and conducted it until their suppres- sion in 1773, though lekstatt labored from 174 to remove them. At the instance of Ludwig Maximilian, whose name the institu- tion now bears, it was moved in 1800 to Land- shut, where it remained until 1820. when it was transferred to Mmich and reorganized. In ad<li- tinn to the collections and institutes brought thither from Landshut. the Government trans- ferred to the university the botanical garden. anatomical theatre, observatory, and antiqua- rium, and a valuable collection of coins. In 1902 the university consisted of the faculties of theol- ogy, law, political science, medicine, ami jihiloso- I)hy, with an attendance of 175, 1324, 150, 1095, and 1450 respectively. The university also in- cludes a number of seminars, clinics, museums, a. botanical garden, and an observatory. The Uni- versity Library contains over 400.000 volumes ami about 2000 ' manuseripts. The Collegium Georgianum, founded in 1404 for the education of Catholic priests, and the Maximilianum, founded in 1852 and o]iened in 1870. for the edu- cation of talented Bavarian vouth, are alliliated with the university. The income of the univer- sity is about .$250,000 a vear, the greater share being contributed by the Government. The num- ber of professors in 1902 was 117, besides 83 privat-docenten, including such illustrious men as Hermann Paul, the eminent philologist Von Zittel, and Riintgen. MUNICIPAL ARCHITECTURE (Lat. mu- niriiiiilis, from iniDiicciia, citizens, from nuinus, duty + c«/)cre, to take). An important branch of civil architecture, that, naniel.v, which has to do with buildin.gs erected out of pulilic funds for the use and amusement of the inlial>itants of a city, or ])urel.v for the adornment of the city itself. The term is sometimes extended to in- clude public and semi-public buildings for busi- ness or amu.scmcnt erected by private capital, such as exchanges, railway stations, aiul theatres. It is doubtful if municipal buildings, properly speaking, existed in the preliistoric and the ancient Oriental worlds; the temple and royal palace filled all needs in these civilizations. The great cit.y gates of ancient Babylonia and Assyria were the only structures in the Orient that could be included under the title of municipal build- ings. Greece. With the development of Greek citv life after the seventh century B.C. several classes of such buildings were erected. Among these may be named the Tlirnire (q.v.). whiclt was always erected with public funds, and which first began early in the fifth centurv B.C. to be built of stone and in the form and st.vle recog- nized in the ruins of those at Epidaurus. Athens. Sicyon, etc. Of Greek buildings devoted to public games and sports, the most important were the Stfidiiim (q.v.) and the Hippodromr (q.v.) for the dilVerent kinds of races, neither of which gave opportunity for much distinctive architecture. The Oi/iniiasiiim and Pnlesfra were devoted to contests requiring less space and to training and ])ractice, and embodied most of the features de- velo|)ed Inter by the Romans in the Imperial therniip. Those at Ephesus and Alexandria-Troas are especially well ju'eserved. The commercial centre of the city was the market-place, or agora, corresponding to the Roman lAirum (q.v.), an open rectangular space bordered by colonnades and halls, and decorated with monumental en- trances, statuary, and fountains. The various halls for the transaction of municipal business, such as the f'ri/taneum and the Tiniilciitcrinn. were often connected with the market-place, and there were frequently two nf/orw in each city — the political and the commercial. Those at Priene. .-Kssos. and otlu-r cities of Asia Jtinor are particularly important, as no well-preserved examples have been found in Greece itself. One