Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/129

* MULLER. 101 MULLER. tomie der Myxiiioidtit (1834-43), which Carus has called 'the eodex of llie iiiurplioluyy of verte- brates.' In collaljoration with Henle he jmb- li.shed, in 1S41, i<i/.iUi)iutische Bcschreibuiig dcr I'liiyiosttimcii, and in systematic zoijhjgy his principal works were fiyslem dcr Aslcrideii (IS4'2), with the collaljoration of Troschcl, and Ilorw IchlhijoUjijiciv. Besides these he published upward of two hundred arliides, addresses, and reports, most of which appeared in the Tnuisac- tiiDis of the lierlin Acadriiii/ of tSciciices and in the Arcliii fiir Analornie, etc. Consult the biographical notices by Du Bois- Reymonil {Abliiiiidlii/igrn dcr Berliner Al^ademie, 185!)), containing a list of his works; Virehow, Johaiiiu's M iilhr, fine (Irdiichtnisrcde (Berlin. 18.58) ; BischoH', Veher Johannes Miiller und sein Vcrhiiltnis zunt jetzlijen StandjiunKl der Physio- logic (Munich, 1858) : Proccedinys of the Royal iioeiely of London, vol. ix., p. 55(3. MULLER, Johannes von (175'2-180'J). A German liistorian. He was born January 3, 1752, at Schall'hausen, where his father was a clerg}'- man and rector of the g^'mnasium. He studied at GiUtingen under Heyne. Schh'izer, Waleh, and others. In 1772 he was appointed professor of (ircek at Scliatlliausen, and in the same j-ear published his first work. Helium Cimbrieum. He now began to devote his leisure hours to the investigation of Swiss chronicles and documents. In 1780 he published the first volume of his great work, dcschiclite der Schweizcr, and in 1781 was called to the Collegium Carolinum at Cassel, as professor of statistics. In 178fi he was appointed librarian and Councilor of State to the Elector of Slainz ; here he finished the second volume of his Swiss history; his Darstel- lung des Fiirstenbundes (1787); and Brief e zu-cier Domherrcn (1787). In 1792 he went to 'ienna, where the Emperor made him a member of the Aulic Council, and where he in 1800 became first Imperial librarian. In 1804 he left Vieiuia for Berlin, where he wrote, among other things, an additional volume of his Swiss history. Introduced to Napoleon after the battle of .Tena. he was appointed by him (1807) Secre- tary of State in the new Kingdom of West- phalia. He died at Cassel, May 29, 1809. His works have all been replaced by more modern researches, but in their own day they were of great value. Besides those mentioned, the Tier- vndzicanzifi Biiehcr aUyemciner GescHchte, based on lectures delivered in Geneva (1811 and often republished), are important. Miiller's fiamnit- liehc ^Vcrl-e were published (27 vols., Stuttgart, 1810 19; new ed., 40 Vols., 1831-35). MULLER, .JrLUT.s (1801-78). A German theiilogian. He was born at Brieg. Silesia, and was a brother of Karl Otfried Miiller (q.v. ). He studied at Breslau and GiUtin- gen. at first devoting himself to law, but after- wards to tbeolo.g>-. In 1825 he was appointed )iastor at Schijnbrunn and Rosen, near Strehlen, whi-re he remained seven years. He was ap- ))oiri(ed in 1831 second university preacher in GiUtingen, and (here lectured on practical theol- ogy and jiedagogics. lu 1834 he became extraor- dinary professor of theology in Giittingen. and soon after full professor in IMarburg, whence he went in 1839 to occupy a similar chair in Halle. The work on which his reputation as a theologian chiefly rests is Die christliche Lehre ron der Siinde (1839; Gth ed. 1889; Eng. trans., from the 5th ed., Edinburgh, 18U8) ; also Dog- inatisclie Abhandlunycn (1870). He afterwards published |)am))lilels on subjects of temporary in- terest, i)artieularly in vindication of the cause of evangelical union against the attacks of the rigid Lutherans. In conjunction with Neander and Nitzsch, he edited a periodical entitled Deutsche Zeitschrifl fiir christlivhe Wisscnsehnfl und ehristhelies Lebcn. Consult his biography, by L. Schnltze (Bremen. 1879). MULLER, K.U!L Oitried (1797-1840). A German archaeologist and philologist, born at Brieg, in Silesia. He studied at Breslau and Berlin, where he was the pupil of August Boeckh. His dis.sertation. Liber jEyincticorum (1817), showed the direction of his future studies, which were devoted to the reconstruction of the history of Greek localities and races. In 1817 he was appointed a teacher at the Magdaleneum in Breslau, in 1819 professor e.traordinarius of philolog3', and in 1823 professor ordinarius at Giittingen. In connection with his studies he traveled widely, and in 1839 secured leave of absence for a visit to Greece and Italy. A sun- stroke received while he was copying inscriptions at Delphi led to an attack of fever, from which he died at Athens, where he was buried on the Hill of Colonus. His desire to reconstruct the entire ancient life naturally led Jliiller to a wide range of scholarly activity. His great work was to be his Geschichte hellcnischer Stiimme und Htmlte, of which he completed vols, i., Orcho- menos und die Minyer ( 1820), and ii., Die Dorier (1824); a second edition of these works by Schneidewin (1844; trans, by G. C. Lewis and H. Tafnell. London, 1839). In the same field be- longed his treatise. Ueber die WohnsUze, Ab- stammung und iiltcre Geschichte des macedofii- schen Vo'lks (1825). and his Et rusher (1828; 2d ed. by Deecke, 1877). His Hiindiiuch dcr ArchA- ologie der Kunst (1830; 3d ed. by Weleker, 184G; trans, by Leitch, London, 1850), though now antiquated in its collections, is of value from the many acute observations it contains. It was accompanied by Miiller and Oesterley, Denlcrmiler der altcn Kunst (Ciiittingen, 1834-39), w'hich was continued and completed by Wieseler (1846-56). A third edition appeared (1877-81); a fourth edition of part ii., Kunstmythohgie. was begun at Leipzig in 1899. His Prolegomena zu einer rrissenschafthelien Mythologie (1825) was based on his belief that the elements of the Greek reli- gion were to be found in analysis of the myths, which would refer the specific names to specific places and tribes. He strongly opposed the theories of large foreign influence in Greek civili- zation. In the last years of his life he under- took to prepare, for the English Society for the DilTusion of I'seful Knowledge, a history of Greek literature. A translation by Ij<>-wis and Donald- son from the author's manuscript, entitled .1 His- lory of the Literature of Ancient Greece, was published in London in 1840. and with a con- tinuation by Donaldson in 1858. The Cierman original. Geschichte der grieehischen Litteratur his auf das Zeifalter Alexanders (1841; 4th ed., revised and confinued by Heitz, 1882-84), was jiublisbeil by his brother after his death, as well as h'leine deutsche Sehriften (1841). A col- lected edition of Kunst archiiologische Werke. in five volumes, was published in Berlin (1872-73). Miiller was also prominent as an editor. His