Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/128

* MTJLLER. 100 MTTLLER. book, a Collection for the Uisiory of Russia, ap- peared at Saint Peteisburj;. in nine volumes (1732-05). His work in geography and cartog- raphy was also important. MtfLLER, niy'lOr, lv.. voN (1830—). A German ela^sieal jdiilologist. He was born at Wunsiedel, in IJavaria; was professor in tlio University of Erlangen (18ti4-93), and from 18'J3 professor in the University of Municli. His published works are numerous; he is Im'sI known as general editor of the comprehensivu Hitndhuch der h-l(issische)i .llti-rlumsuisscnschaft (Munich, 1885), and also as the editor of many of the works of Galen, and as reviser of Xtigels- bach's Lateinische Stilistik "(Xuremberg, 1888). MtJLLER, .ToiiAN.v Fkieurich Tiieodor (known as I'kitz Mi'tller, or MCller-Desterro) (1821-97). A German naturalist, known for liis contributions to bionomics and to the evolution theory. He was born at Windischholzhauseu, near Erfurt. He studied at Greifswald and licr- lin. The troubles of 1848 finally drove him from home and Berlin, and he emigrated to Southern Brazil, settling at Blumenau, on the island of Santa Catharina. Here he lived the life of a colonist and pioneer until 1850, when he became a teacher of mathematics and natural history in the g^-mnasium at Desterro. After various changes he was in 1874 appointed naturalistn viajante of the museum at Rio .Janeiro, and lived at Itajahy. .Vfterwards he was suddenly dis- missed from his position, without any explanation from the authorities, and returned to Blumenau. Jliiller |)ublisheil mimerous ])apers on jelly- fishes and worms, but more particularly on crus- taceans and insects, his articles appearing mostly in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Xatiirflcschiclitc, Kos- jHOS, yatiii; and the Annals of the Rio .Janeiro Museum. His single hook. Facts for Daririn, vas called out by Darwin's Origin of Siiccirs, and it gave him wide fame. It was written at Desterro in ISO.'?, was ])ublislied at Leipzig in 1804, and was translated, with some additions, into English in lx)ndon in 180!). It was the application of Darwinian principles to certain forms of a single class, the Crustacea. Tn this book we have, in the eliapter on the "Progress of Evolution," the first clear statement of the biogenetic law or recapitulation theory after- wards restated by Haeckel. !Muller al.so pro- posed the theory of mimicry which bears his name. See Mimicry. MtJXLER, .JoiiANX GoTTii.VRD vox (1747- 18301. A (Jcrman line engraver, born at liern- bausin, near Stuttgart. He at first studied under the Court painter Guibal. but. developing n talent for engraving, went to Paris in 1770. where for six years he studied under Wille. He won a number of prizes (here, and was elected a member of the I'reiicli Academy. In 1770 Duke Charles recalled him to Stuttgart, where lie taught for nine years, and whence be was sum- moned to Paris to engrave a portrait of Louis X'I., after Duplessis. Next in importance to this is his engraving of Trumbull's '•liattle of Bunker Hill." (In his return to Stuttgart he became professor of engraving. He was elected a member of the principal European academies, and was knighted in 1818. He engraved thirty- three plates in all. of which, besides those men- tioned, the best are: "Madonna delln Seggiola." after Raphael; ".Snint Catharine with Two An- gels," after Leonardo da Vinci ; "Schiller," after the portrait by Graf; and "Saint Cecilia," after Doiiii'iiii hino. MtJLLER, JouA.?.ES (1430-70). The real name of the German scientist Regiomontanus (q.v.). MULLEB, .Johannes (1801-158). The most nia>tcrlul, accurate, and influential physiologist and niorphologist of his time. He was born at Coblenz. Rhenish Prussia. July 14, 1801 ; began to study theology, but al>andoned it for medicine, beginning his medical studies at Bonn in the autumn of 1819. While there he |)reparcd a prize essay, De Kespiratioiic F<ifus ( 1821 ) . He gradu- ated in 1822. In the spring of 1823 he went to Berlin and studied with Hudolphi. then returned to Bonn as privat-docenl, to teach physiology and comparative anatomy. In 1820 he was appoint- ed professor extraordinarius in the University of Bonn, and he was made full professor in 1830. In 1833 he was called to the University of Ber- lin, where he succeeded Rudolphi as jjrofessor of anatomy and physiology-, and after Meckel's death he edited the Archir fiir Aiialomie. Phiisio- loijir. und icissotschiiftliclie Mcilirin, and re- mained at Berlin until his death, which occurred April 28. 1858. With his unusual powers of application, thor- oughness, and breadth, his acuteness and pene- tration, young ^fiiller opened up in diflercnt di- rections new fields of research. In 1820 he published an important work on the physiolog)' of sight, and a treatise entitled Vciirr die phantas- lischen Grsichtserscheiniiii(ieii. uni in 1827 a work based on his lectures on physiology : in 1820 his work on general patholog-. and in 1833 the first part of his epoch-making Ilandhonk of IJiinuiu Phi/siologi/, which was completed in 1840. In 1834 he was elected a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. As a physiologist he was the founder of a new school, working by novel methods. To him physiology- owes the foundation of Bell's law. the principle (rf reUex movements and other nervous activities: com- prehensive and detailed views on vision and hearing; a thoroughly well-grounded knowledge of the nature of the blood, lymph, and chyle; the l)roof of the independence of the quality of glandular secretions from the grosser structure of the glands, and the knowledge of chondrin. Miiller opposed the school of nature-philosophers and jdaced physiology on a sound basis. He was also a founiicr and leader in the new morphology'. The science of comparative embryology was great- ly enriched bv his researches. He discovered the proni'phrie ducts which bear his name, and explained the nature of hermaphroditism; he made extended contributions to and laid the foundations of our knowledge of the embryology and metamorphoses of the echinoderms. and he examined into the mode of development of certain sharks, ^hicll led up to his subsequent studies on the ganoids and .mphioxns. The debt mor- phology- owes him is shown in his discovery of the lymph-hearts of the .Amidiibia. the micro- pyle of the egg~ of fishes, holothurians, and the like, the intimate structure of glands, of car- tilaginous and bony tissue, of erectile tissue, of the musculature of the intestines, and the finer structure of the peritoneum. His principal works in comparative anatomy and morphologv- were his yrrfilcichcnde Ana-