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* MTJHLENBERG. 91 MUIR. pated in the ligliling :it Cliaikslon in 1776, anil was made briyadiur-genoial the following year, and placed iu coniniand of thi' 'irginia line. He took part in llie l)attles ut' tin- ISraiidywiiU", Ger- inantown. and Monniuvith. and in tlio capture of .Stony I'oint. He defended X'irginia against the expeditions of Leslie and Arnold, and was com- mander-in-chief there till the arrival of Steuben. Upon the invasion of 'irginia by Cornwallis, he ■was next in command to Lafayette, and at the siege of Yorktown he was in command of the first brigade of liglil infantry. He retired at the close of the war with the rank of major-general. Soon after, he settled in Pennsylvania. He served in Congress in 1789-91, 1793-95, and 1799-1801. In the latter year he was chosen United States Senator, but resigned when Congress met to be- come Supervisor of Revenue for the District of Pennsylvania, and in 180.3 he was appointed Collector of the Port of Philadelphia, in which position he died near Philadelphia, October 1, 1807. Consult his lAfr bv his great-nephew, Henry A. JIuhlenberg (Philadelphia, 1849). MUHLENBERG, Villi.m Augustus (1796- 1877). An American Episcopal clergyman and philanthropist, grandson of H. M. Muhlenberg. He was born in Philadelphia, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1814. Three years later he was ordained deacon, and .served as assistant to Bishop White at Christ Church, Phil- adelphia. Ordained priest in 1820, he was rector from 1821 to 1828 of Saint James's Church, Lan- caster, Pa., where he helped to establish the first public school in the State outside of Philadelphia. He founded in 1828 at Flushing, L. L, a school afterwards known as Saint Paul's, of which he was principal until 1S4(>. Then he was rector of the Church of the Holy Communion in New York until 1858, in the latter year becoming superin- tendent and pastor of Saint Luke's Hospital, which he had foiuided. In the later years of his life he was instrumental in establishing an in- dustrial Cliristian settlement at Saint Johnland, L. I. He died in Saint Luke's Hospital, April 8, 1877. To trace his efl'ect upon his time would be to record the origin of several of the most im- portant movements within the Episcopal Church. Thus he maile his Xew York parish the first free- seat church of his communion in America ; he organized the first sisterhood within the same limits in 1845. known as the Sisterhood of the Holy Communion ; and the important later de- velopments in the direction of Cliristian unity (see Episcopal Ciiiroii) and of liturgical en- richment and tlexibility both really grew out of his memorial to tin- House of Bishops in 1853. Church music and hymnody also owe much to him; he imblished three Imoks in this depart- ment : but his most important literary work is contained in Eninrieliral Calholic I'n/irr.s (1875- 77). For his life, consult biographies bv Ayres (Xew York. 1880) and Xewton (ib., 1890) ; also Coleman, Tlir Chiirrli in .iiirrir,, (ib., 1806). MUHLENBERG COLLEGE. A collegiate institution at Allcntown. Pa., under the control of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, incorporated in 1867. It consists of a preparatory and a col- legiate department, the latter with classical and scientific courses leading to the degrees of B.A. and B.S. The t.otal attendance in 1902 was 137. The faculty num1)ereil 13. The college library contained 12,000 volumes. The campus of five Vol. XIV.— 7. acres and the college buildings were valued at .$100,000. In 1902 a new site of 52 acres was pureliased, on which new l)uildings were begun, at an estimated co.st of .$200,000, Tlat income for the year was .$10,764. and the endowment was $16:?",'.i77. MUHLHAUSEN, nu.d'hou-zcn. A town in the Province of Sa.ony. Prussia, on the Unstrut, 30 miles northwest of Krfurt (Map: Prussia, D 3). It is an old town with a number of churches, of which that of Saint Blasius dales from the twelfth ccntviry. and a mediaeval Rat- haus. It is surroun<lcd with modern sul)urt)s and has a gymnasium, a seniiiuiry for teacliers, and a theatre. There are numufactures of woolen and linen goods, carpets, leather, and cigars. The city has considerable trade in cattle, grain, and fruit. Population, in 1890. 27,400; in 1900, 33,433. Jliihlhausen appears in history as early as 925, when it was a fortified post. It rose to importance as a free city in the fourteenth cen- tury, and in the Peasants' Var w'as the head- quarters of the Analjaptist leader, Thomas Miin- zer, who was executed near Jliihlhausen in 1525, The town was finally incorporated with Prussia in 1815, MiJHLHEIM,. mul'him. See Muliieim. MUIR, mfir, John (1810-82). An English Sanskrit scholar. He was born in Cilasgow, and educated in the University of Glasgow and the East India School at Haileybury, He engaged in the civil service in British India, in 1829 53. and devoted himself to the study of the lan- guages, history, and antiquities of India. In 1853 he retired from the service and devoted him- self to the advancement of Oriental literature, especially in its bearing upon Christianity. In 1846 he offered to the University of Cambridge a prize of £500 for the best treatise on the errors of the Hindu systems of philosophy, and on ex- pounding the principles of Christianity to learned natives of India; and he gave, in 1862, £5000 to the University of Edinburgh for the endowment of a professorship of Sanskrit and comparative philolog)'. Muir did much to help the spread of Christianity among the Hindus. His most im- portant work was Oriqinal Sanskrit Texts on the Oriijin and History of the People of India, Their Religion and Institutions (1858-70). MUIR, John (1838—). An American explor- er and naturalist, born at Dunbar. Scotland. He studied at the Dunliar (irammar Scliool and then emigrated to the United States, and entered the University of Wisconsin. After his graduation he began to explore the less known portions of the North American continent, devoting his at- tention particularly to the western coast and to Alaska, where the Muir (i lacier is named in his honor. He published: The Mountains of Cali- fornia; Onr National I'arks : and a number of magazine articles on natural history; and edited I'ictiirisijiie California. MUIR, JI.TTIIEW MONCRIEFF Pattison (1848 — ) . An English chemist. He was born and edu- cated in Glasgow, studied at the University of Tiibingen. and became fellow and prelector in chemistry at Gonville and Caius College. Cam- bridge. Muir did much to popularize modern chemistry. He published: Qitalilatire Anali/sis ( 1874) :' Elements of Thermal Chemistry (1885) ; Practical Chemistry (with Carnegie, 1887) ; The