Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/881

* MORAVIA. 789 MORAVIANS. being ono of tlie forpiiiost tt'ical-produciiif; p.arts of Austria. The jirineipal procluets arc rye, oats, barley, wlieat, ccrn, and tlax, sugar beets, clover, hay, aiul grapes. Stock-raising is carried on extensively. Among manufactures the woolen industry is especially developed. Other manufac- tures are those of linen, 3-arn, cotton goods, leather, sugar, spirits, machincrj', railway sup- plies, tobacco products, etc. In 1899 IMoravia had over .500.000 ]iersons engaged in manufac- turing, of wlium nearly 22,000 were employed in the beet-sugar inilustry. The railways had a total mileage of 1150 miles in 1900. The Landtag is composed of the Prince-Arch- bishop of Olmiltz, the Bishop of liriinn, 30 rep- resentatives of the landed aristocracy. 31 repro- .sentatives of the towns, 6 representatives of the chambers of conmierce and industries of Briinn and Olmiitz. and 31 representatives of the rural districts. The representatives of the rural dis- tricts are indirectly elected. In the Lower House of the Austrian Eeichsrat Moravia is represented by 30 members. At the head of the administration is the Gov- ernor, representing the Cro . The crownland has a system of district courts, and at Briinn a court of second instance, from which appeals can be made to the Su]irenie Court at Vienna. JIo- ravia is well provided with educational institu- tions, and over 98 per cent, of its school popula- tion attend school. Capital, Briinn (q.v.). The population was 2,27(5,870 in 1890, and 2,437,706 in 1900. Over 71 per cent, of the population con- sists of Czechs, iloravians, and Slovaks, and about 28 per cent, of (Jermans. Over 95 per cent, of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. History, iloravia was anciently occupied by the Quadi, who left the country at the time of the great migration of nations. They were suc- ceeded by other Germanic peojiles, whose sojourn was temporary, and in the "sixth century the region was occupied by Slavs. These peoples took the name of Moravians, from the river Mo- rava. Cliarles the Great, the ruler of the Franks, brought the people under nominal subjection, and constrained their King, Samoslav, to re- ceive baptism; but Christianity was first formal- ly established in the second half of the ninth century by Cyril and Methodius. The ninth century witnessed repeated wars between the Germans and the Moravians. Svatopluk, who ruled over the Moravians from about 870 to 804, built up an extensive but short-lived realm, which soon after his death was shattered to pieces by the onslauglit of the Jtag'ars. From 1029 Moravia was genn-ally nnited with Bo- hemia, cither as an integral part of that realm or as a tief ruled by margraves. On the death of Louis II., at the battle of :Moh,'ics. in 1526, Moravia, with all the other Bohemian lands, passed under the rule of the House of .Austria. In 1849 it M-as formally .separated from Bohe- mia and declared a distinct province and crown- land. Consult: Wolny, Die Jlarkr/rafxcliaft Miihrrn toijof/rnphisch, stdiistisch nnd histdriach (irsrhil- (Icrt (5 vols.. Briinn. 1835-40) ; Dudik. iliihrrms allgcmcine Gpsrhirhlr (12 vols., Briinn. ISfiOSS), for the early history: Smolle. Die Markfirnf- aehnft Miihrrn (Vienna. ISSl): Die iisterreieh- isch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und BiUl. Jlnhren und Schlesien, vol. xxii. (Vienna, 1897). MORAVIANS. Called also The United BisETUUE.N ( CMT.V.S FK.TKrM ) and The JIo- K.wi.vN Cm HCH. An evangelical Church which arose in Bohemia and Moravia among follow- ers of .John Iluss (q.v.) ; originally known as Bohemian Brethren (q.v.). They secured the episcopacy from the Austrian Waldcnses in 1467. Fraternizing with the Beformers of both Ger- mam' and Switzerland, they increased rapidly, and after the Schmalkaldic War established a third province in Poland. Bv 1617 they num- bered at least 200.000. With the granting of the Bohemian charter, in 1609. they obtained a legal status, but were .systematically suppressed and exiled during and after the Thirty Years' War. Their Polish ])rovince. with its centre at Lissa, now acquired importance, and a number of parishes were founded in Hun- gary. But the Peace of Westphalia excluded Austrian lands from the benefits of reli- gious liberty, and in 1656 Lissa was destroyed in the war between Poland and Sweden. The Polish parishes were gradually absorbed by other Protestant bodies. Meanwhile a 'hid- den .seed' of the Vnilas Fratnim remained in Bohemia and Moravia, and their bishop, Johann Amos Comenius (q.v.), republished their history, confession, and discipline, and took steps to per- petuate the episcopate. Hence for about fifty years clerg, nen who at the same time served parishes of the Reformed Church were consecrat- ed bishops of the Unifas Fratnim. A revival of religious life among the 'hidden seed' in iloravia led the awakened to abandon their homes and secretly flee to Saxony to secure religious liberty. Here, in 1722, they began to build the town of Herrnhut on the estate of Count Zinzendorf (q.v.), who had granted them an asylum. Herrnhut became the rallying place for descendants of the Brethren, severiil hundred of whom migrated from Austrian lands. They introduced the discipline handed down by Co- menius, and in 1735 the episcopate was trans- mitted from it.s surviving representatives. Jab- lonski and Sitkovius. The development of the Unitas Fratnim now took a new form. Zinzen- dorf became the leading bishop, and strove to subordinate denominationalism to the promo- tion of Christian life. He did not permit the Church to expand, as other churches expand, nor distinctly to sever connection in every respect with the State Church; but established on the Continent, in Britain, and in America an 'ex- clusive system' by which it was attempted to secure a membership solely of converted men and women. Their culture in spiritual life was promoted by exceedingly close supervision, by an abundant supply of the means of grace — ■ daily services, and services for the several divi- sions of the congregation distributively — and by an effort to separate them from tlie rest of the world. The members of the establishments were indefatigable in missions among the heathen, maintained schools for young people not of their communion, and conducted the so-called Din- uporn, or inner mission, among members of the State churches of Germany, the Baltic Prov- inces. Scandinavian lands. Holland, and Switzer- land, seeking the conversion of individuals with- out drawing them from their former communion. Though the 'exclusive system' was wholly abandoned in America in 1856. and practically so in Britain, while in Germany it has been