Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/867

* MOODY. r Knowlton in the case of the State against Lizzie Boiden. lu 18'J5 he was eliosen to »ui;oeeii Gen- eral Cogswell as Congressional Kepresentative. Politically independent, he made his reinitation nn the floor of the House by his knowleilge of parliamentary procedure and by his perseverance, so that he was mentioned as a possible candi- date for the Speakership to sneeeed Thomas 13. Reed. In the Committee on Appropriations he had especial charge of the Sundry Civil Ap- propriation Bill, and in general was reckoned an able second to Chairman Cannon. t'pon the resignation of J. D. Long, in March of 1902, Moody was named successor, and received the portfolio of the navy on May 1. MOODY^ ViLLi.M Vaigiin (1869—). An American poet, born in Spencer, Ind. He grad- uated at Harvard in 1S1I3, became instructor in English there and later at the University of Chicago, devoting much time to the composi- tion of verses, showing talent and care. The Masque of Judgment (1900) is marked bj' lyric power, but aloofness from present interests ; the Poems (1901) show high thought and feeling, applicable to current needs. Much of the latter volume had been published in periodicals and widelv noticed. He also edited Milton's "Poems" in the Cambridge Poets (1899), and in 1902 he wrote a short Bistonj of English Literature in collaboration with R. R. Lovett. MOOLTAN, mool-tiin'. A city of British India. See Multan. MOON (AS. mona, Goth, memn, OHG. mono, Ger. (with excrescent d) Hand, moon: connected with Lith. metiii, moon, Gi. fn-fiv, men, month. Skt. mas, moon, month, probably from Skt. ma, to measure, and ultimately connected with Eng. month). The satellite of our earth, revolving round the earth from west to east in a period of one month (q.v.). and accompanying the earth in its motion round the sun. Ph.^ses of the JIoox. The first peculiarity about the moon is the constant and regular change of its illuminated surface from a thin crescent to a circle, and vice versa, and a cor- responding change in the time of her appearance above the horizon. These changes depend upon the position of the moon relative to the earth and the sun. for it is only the half of the moon facing the sun that is illuminated by his rays, and the whole of this illuminated portion can be seen from the earth only when the sun. earth, and moon are nearly in a straight line (the line of syzi/gies), and the earth is between the sun and moon. When the moon is in the line of syzygies, but between the earth and the sun. no part of her ilhminated disk can be seen from the earth. In the former case, the moon is said to be full, anil in the latter, new. A few days after 'new moon' the moon appears to be a little to the east of the snn as a thin crescent, with the horns point- ing to the east, and as she increases her angular distance from the snn at the rate of about 12° daily, the crescent of light becomes broader till, aftor the lapse of a little more than seven daj-s, at which time she is 90° in advance of the sun, she presents the appearance of a semicircle of light. The moon is then said to have completed her first quarter. Continuing her course, she becomes 'gibbons'; ami at the lijth or 10th day from the new moon attains a position 180° in advance of the sun, and now presents the 7 MOON. appearance known as full moon. From this point she begins to approach the sun, again ap- pearing ■gil)l)ou.-.," and after a third period of more than seven days, reaches a point 90° west of the sun and enters her last quarter. Here, again, she appears as a semicircle of light, the illuminated portion being that which was not illuminated at the end of the lirst quarter. The moon, now rapidly approaching the sun, resume.s the crescent form, but this time with the horns pointing westward, the crescent becoming thinner and thinner, till the moon reaches the position of "new moon' and disajipcars. The earth a.s seen from the moon presents similar phases, and has consequently, at the time of new moon, the appearance of a rounil illuminated disk, and at full moon is invisible. This explains the peculiar phenomenon occasionally observed when the moon is near the sun (either before or after the new moon), of the part of the moon's face which is unilluminated by the sun appearing faintly visi- ble, owing to the reflection upon it of strong earth-light. This phenomenon is often called the new moon in the old moon's arms. At new moon, the moon comes above the horizon about the same time as the sun, and sets with him, but rises each day about fifty minutes later than on the day previous, and at the end of the first quarter rises at midday and sets at midnight, continuing to lag behind the sun. When full, she rises about sunset and sets abovit sunrise, and at the commencement of her last quarter she rises at midnight and sets at midday. The daily retardation of the moon's rising, just stated to be about fifty minutes, is subject to considerable variations. In the latitude of New York it may range from 23 minutes to 1 hour 17 minutes. See Harvest Moon. DiSTAKCE AND ]Magxitiue. From repeated observations of the moon's horizontal parallax (q.v.), and of the occultations by her of the fixed stars, her mean distance from the earth has been estimated at 238.S40 miles, and her mean angular diameter at 31' 7", and her actual diameter as 2102 miles, or about 3-llths of the earth's diam- eter. Her actual distance from the earth may vary from 252.972 miles at apogee to 221,014 at perigee. Her vohune is about l-49th that of the earth, her density 0,01 (that of the earth being taken as unity ), and her mass ^- of the earth's mass. Orbit. The moon revolves round the earth in an elliptic orbit with the earth in one focus: the eccentricity of the ellipse being 0.05491. or more than 314 times that of the earth's orbit. The plane of her orbit does not coincide with the ecliptic, but is inclined to it at an angle of 5° 8' 40", and intersects it in two opjjosite points, which are called the nodes (q.v.). Were the moon's orbit a true ellipse, which, owing to various irregularities known as perturbations (q.v.), it is not, the lunar theory (q.v.) would be exceedingly simple: but these perturbations cause in the case of the moon a distinct and well- marked deviation from her previous coirse in a single month. The retrogradation of her nodes along the ecliptic causes a continual change in the plane of her orbit, so that if, during one revolution round the earth, she occult.s certain stars, at the next revolution she may pass to one side of them, and will remove farther and farther from them in each successive revolution. Owing to this continual change of her orbit, the moon