Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/858

* MONTPELLIEK. 770 MONTREAL. 120,000 volumes, a pliarniaccutioal school, an aj;riciiltuial sfhool, and a inuscuin coiitainin<; a lint' collection of paintinj,'3 and curios. The climate is niihl, and the city is a favorite winter resort for invalids. Kaihvays to ilarseilles, Cette, and other ports, besides various canals, facilitate commercial and social intercourse, and few cities of the Republic hold out greater at- tractions in regard to intellectual culture. Among the industries the making of wine is the most important. Machinery, chemicals, corks, sugar, leather, cotton, and woolen goods are manufactured, and the city is noted for its tine confectionery: this industry, as also the manu- facture of various novelties, is in the hands of the Jews. There is an important trade in manu- factured articles, wine, olive oil, and fruits. Founded in the eighth century, Montpellier began to prosper in the twelfth century, when its school of medicine ac(|uircd fame. It had a stirring his- tory in the Middle Ages, during which it was for a time under the rule of Aragon, Majorca, and Xavarrc, before its final iniion with France to- ward the close of the fourteenth centuiy. C'omte. the philosopher, was born at Montpellier. Popu- lation, in mon, 7.5,050. Consult: Aigrefeuille, Hixtoire de ilontpMier (Montpellier, 1S77-SS) ; Guiraud, Rechcrches tnpoi)rai>hi<]iies stir Mont- pellier (ib., 189.5); Fehre, Uistoire de Moiilpcl- Ucr lib.. 1S071. MONTPELLIER. Univkksity of. A French imiversity. As early as the first half of the twelfth century, the university of medicine at Montpellier was famous beyond any other in Kuropc .save Salerno. To this, about IIGO. was added a university of law by Placentinus. a dis- tinguished doctor of law e.iled from liologn.a and Mantua. A university of theology grew up around a Carthusian college founded in 1'2G3, and a university of arts came into existence some- what earlier. Besides the colleges of the four mendicant Orders seven others were founded from time to time, and from the twelfth to the four- teenth century .Montpellier was one of the great universities of Kurope. Save in medicine, tho fame of the university declined greatly after the latter period. It remained the chief medical school iif France till modern times. ?l<Te U:ibe- lais taught in 1537, and in the next century, dur- ing a period of Protestant supremacy, Casaubon. Uniler Napoleon the university w;is reorganized and thrown into the general scheme of national education. It comprises four faculties, law, me<licine, mathematics-science, and philosophy, besides a school of pharmacy. Its budget is 1.- 087,202 francs, and in 1001 it bad 1002 students. Its library contains nearly 100.000 volumes. MONTPENSIER, mrtN'piiN'syfl'. Axn'E ^Iarie I.<ii isr ii'dKt.i'ANs. Diicbess of '( 1027-93). The dnugbter of (aston d'Orlrans. brother of I.ouis Xlir. of France, kmiwn as T.a Crande Mademoi- selle. She grew up beautiful, eccentric, and am- bitious. While still a child there was idle talk of n marriage with T.ouis XIV. of France, and subsequently her matrimonial asjiirations centred about the jiersons of the future Philip IV. of Spain, the Emperor Ferdinand III., and his brother, the .Archduke Leopold. .MI these plann miscarried, probably through the se- cret hostility of Cardinal Mazarin. T'pon the outbreak of the troubles of the Fronde. Mademoi- selle, with her worthless father, whom she ap- pears to have loved, remained faithful to the Court, but in llj.51 she cniloaceil the cause of the great Conde, whom she originally haled most bitterly, but later seemingly sought in marriage. Her vanity and courage found delight in the role of party leader, which she now was enabled to play, in March, 1052, she held the city of Orleans against the Royal army and then went to Paris, where her masculine decision made her for a time the leader practically of the resistance to the King. On .luly 2. 1052. when Cond6, after slnl)born lighting in the Faubourg Saint- Antoine. had been decisively beaten by Turenne, IMadenioiselle saved the Prince's army from an- nihilation by training the guns of the Bastille on the Royal forces and opening the gates of the city to receive the defeated troops. In October she was banished from the Court and lived for some time in retirement. She was recalled to Court in 1657, and after some years fell violently in love with the Duke of Lauzun (q.v.), a IuukI- some and accomplished Gascon cavalier, and a favorite of Louis XIV. In December. 1070. the King consented to the marriage, but within three days withdrew his sanction, owing probably to the enmity of Madame de Montespan for Mademoiselle. In the following year Lauzun was thrown into the Bastille, where he remained for ten years in spite of the exertions of ilademoi- selle. who finally obtained his freedom by cediijg the County of Ku and the Principality of Donibcs to the Duke of Maine, son of ^tadame de Montespan. There is some reason to believe that a secret marriage took place between Lauzun and Mademoiselle. It is certain that Lnvizun re- paid her devotion by brutal neglect and that they became totally estranged. She died in Paris. April 5. 1093. leaving behind her Mcmoirex, first published at Amsterdam in 1729, and subsequently edited by Cheruel (Paris, 1858). Consult Margerie. Ln (Irandc iladcmai- selle (Xaney, 1860). MONTPENSIER. Antoine :Marie Piiillipe I.oris ii'Oiu.KANS, Duke of (1S24-00). fifth son of Louis Philippe. He was educated at the College Henri IV.. and went to .frica in 1844 as lieutenant in the artillery, .ftcr a tour in the East he married, in 1840. the Infanta Liisa de Bourbon, sister of IJiu-en Isabella 11. The marriiige created great excitement, Louis Phi- lippe being generally credited with the inten- tion to seat bis son" upon the throne of Spain. During the Revolution of 1S4S the Duke rcsidi'd in Kngland. but soon returned to Spain, taking ip bis residence at Seville. In 1850 be was ap- Durini; the politic:il agitiition ])rcceding the llight of Isabella the Duke quitted Spain. Returning in ISCiS. under the Provisional (Jovernment. he oll'ered himself as a candidate for the throne, but destroyed whatever chances for election he may have had by killing his cousin, the Infante Don Enriipie de" Bourbon, in a duel, March 12, 1S70. His eldest daughter. Marie, was married to the Count of Paris in 1848: and his third daughter, Maria ile las Mercedes, married her cousin, Al- fon-n XII.. in 1878. MONTREAL, mrin'tr*-fil' (Fr. :Mount Royal 1. The bip.'cst city in the Dondnion of Canada, situated in the Province of (Jncbce. ISO miles southwest of Quebec, and 420 miles north of Xew Vork, on the southeast side of Montreal Island, at
 * ioint<>d Captain-tiencral of the Spanish Army.