Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/848

* MONTESQUIEU. 760 MONTEVIDEO. political science, one of the pnth-breaking works in establishing the science of politics upon an his- torical rather than an n priori basis. It has assured Montesquieu a place among the foremost political j)hilosophers uf all times. Withuut adopting N'oltaire's hjper-eulogistic criticism, that "when the human race had lost their charters, .Montesquieu rediscovered and restored them," it may be said that it was the first work in modern times in which the questions of civil liberty were ever treated in an enlightened and systematic manner. The Esprit dcs luis, next to Locke's Essaii on Gorcrnmeitt, was probably the political work best known to the statesmen of the American Revolution and early constitutional I)eriod. and its iiilluence was marked in the dis- cussions attending the adoption of the Constitu- tion. It was bitterly attacked in Montesquieu's own day for its radical attitude in regard to the Church and religion, and for its alleged Anglo- mania, but it was admired by the reform party in France and by the Moderates of the French Revohition, thongli not popular in France in later days. It is divided into thirty-one parts. The first eight deal with laws in general, their nature an<l principles; the next five with laws relating to ollense and defense, political liberty, and taxation; the next twelve with laws in re- lation to climate, soil, manners and customs, commerce, jjopulation, and religion ; the twenty- sixth deals with laws in their relation to the affairs which they determine; the remaining five books, relating to Roman, French, and fcu<lal law, are a kind of historical supple- ment. Montesquieu died in Paris, February 10, 17.")3. The collective editions of liis works are numerous. The best is that of Laboulaye in 7 vols. (Paris, 1875-79). All of his important works have been translated in niinierous editions. The best short work on Montestiuieu is Sorel, Montesquieu, trans, by Masson (London, 1887); the standard authority is Vian, Histoirc dc la rie ct (ies ncurrcs de Montesquieu (Paris. 1870). There are good essays by noumic. Brunetifre, and Zevort. Consult, also, Lowell, Ecc of the French Umjiulirin ( Moston. ISll-Jl. MONTESQUIOU-FEZENSAC, mON't'sk*'- oTi' lA'zaN'sak'. Komkiit, Count de (185.5 — ). A French poet and author, born in Paris. His first verse, in the volume Ijrs ehnures-souris (18n2). attracte'd considerable attenti(m, because of its inisual fiirm, imaginative quality, and a cer- tain fastidiousness of language, characteristics which appear in all his writings. ITis poetical works include: Le chef des odcurs 8uavcs (1803); Le jiarrovrs du rfrc ati souvenir (1805) ; Les hortensids bleus (1800) ; Les perles rouf/es (1800); Les pnons (1001); and I'rierrs pour tous (1001). He also became well known ns n 'confi'reneier du salon.' and in this capacity he visited the United States in 100.'?. His prose essays are contained in Uosraux pcn.iants (1897), and Autrls pririli'fni's (1809). MONTEVERDE. mAn'tA-vilrMA, or MONTE- ■VERDI, Ci.Aniio ( 15(i71t!43). . Italian com- poser, born at Cremona. He rebelled against the limited and nrbitraiT musical forms of hi.t day. and made valuable innovations. Be- fore then, 'preparation' was considered a necessity for every dissonance; luit Monte- verde attacked directly, without preparation, the dissonances of the chords of the domi- nant seventh, the leading tone seventh, the dimin- ished seventh, and in some instance-, the chord of the dominant ninth. He was a pioneer in the movement that leil to modern opera. He im- proved and enlarged the orchestra, and in his operas gave to the instruments a score compara- tively free from the limitation of the voice parts; an innovation which gained for him the title of 'the father of the art of instrumenta- tion.' But few of his works .survive, and while one or two of the smaller pieces, madrigals, etc., have been republished within comparatively re- cent times, the few really representative works that remain are in the possession of museums or collectors. His works consisted in part of: Orfeo (160.'!) ; Arionnn (1008) : IUoml,<ittimento di Tancredi e Clorindn (1624): I'roserpine rapita { 10.30) ; Adone { 10.39) ; he nozze di Enea con Lavinia (1041) ; // ritorno d'L'Usse in patria 11042); songs, motets, church music, and ves- pers. During his career he was maestro to the Duke of Mantua (1003) and maestro di capella at San Marco, Venice (I0I3). He died in Venice. See Ol'KR.v. MONTEVERDE, GiuLlo (1837—). An Ital- ian sculptor, born at Bistagno (Piedmont). He studied at the Academy of Rome, where he after- wards became professor of scidpture. His works include the groups "The Ocnius of Franklin" and ".lenner Inoculating His Daughter," the monument to Victor Emmanuel, in the Pantheon at Rome, and the statue •'The First Inspiration of Cnhiiubis," in the Art Museum at Boston. MONTEVIDEO, mon'tf-vid'c-A. .Sp. proii. mi'n'ti'i-ve-Da'o. The ca]>ital of Iruguay. situated on the north shore of the estuary of the Rio de la Plata. 08 miles east of Buenos Ayres (Map: Iruguay, F 11). It is built on a peninsula running westward from the mainland, and in- closing the bay forming the harbor. On the west side of the entriince to the bay. opposite the city, rises the Cerro. a picturesque mountain, in connection with which the name Montevideo is derived. The ground of the ])eninsula rises gradually from the water on either side to the central bridge, giving the city, besides an im- posing appearance, an excellent natural <lrainage, which, together with its pleasant climate, good water supply, sewerage system, and general sani- tary conditions, makes it a very healthful place of residence. The streets are wide, straight, and well paved, and are reguhirly laid out both in the new and the old quarters. The latter occupies the western end of the pen- insula, and is the chief commercial quarter. The central portion, occupying the eastern end of the peninsula, contains the cathedral and the chief public buildings. From the base of the peninsula the new parts of the city spread out like a fan over the heights of the mainland, with large avenues radiating in all directions, along nearly all of which street railway lines run to the suburbs. The principal street is that of the Di'cinoctavo lie .lulio, which runs down the central ridge of the peninsula, and lermimitcs in the Plaza de la lnde|)endiencia, the principal square of the city, surrounded by prominent buihlings and colon- nades. There are several other squares, some of which have gardens and statues. Many of the streets are lineil with shade trees, and the Prado, outside of the city, is a handsome park and