Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/841

* MONTCALM. 753 MONTE CASSINO. was surrendered a few days after liis death, and its fall signalized the end of the Frencli power in Canada. In 1827 Governor Dalhousie, of Canada, caused a monument to be erected in Quebee to the joint honor of the two brave generals. The best work on ilontcalm is by Parknian, Moiitcalin and Wolfe (liostou, 1885). Consult also: Honne- chose, Montcfilm et Ic Canada fra>i!;ais (Paris, 1877) : Kalgairolle, Montcalm devant la posterity <ib., 1880). MONTCEAU-LES-MINES, moN'.so'la'mfn'. A town of Kastern Frame, in the Department of Saniie-et-Loire, situated on the Canal du Centre, 31 miles northwest of Macon. It is the centre of a coal-mining region and has iron foundries, machine shojis, spinning and weaving factories. Population, in 11)01, 9327 ; of commune, 28,779. MONT CENIS, mON sens'. See Cenis, HoM. MONTCHRESTIEN, mOx'kra'tyax', An- TOIXE DE (C.157G-102I ). A French playwright and economist. His father was an apothecary. Having left his birthplace, Falaise. the lad Avent to the College of Caen. In 1596 he pub- lished the tragedy of Sophonishe, which was followed by L'Ecossaisc, ou Marie Stuart; Les Lacrncs ; Daiid; Aman. a revision of Hopho- nisbe called La Carthaginoise; and Hector (1004). Meanwhile Montchrestien was working ■on a history of Normandy, which was never printed and is now lost. A duel caused him to flee to England, wlience he returned with a headful of economic theories. He started a steel mill at Aussonne-sur-Loire with a store in Paris. His Traits d'economie jiolitique appeared in 1615. Our expression 'political economy' is merely a "translation of the phrase coined by Montchrestien. He was slain during a Huguenot stir near Falaise, October 8, 1021. Consult: Duval, Mcmoire sur Anto'uic de Montchrestien (Paris, 1868) ; Funek- Brentano, Montchrestien, sa vie et son ccuvre (ib., 1889) ; Sporleder, Ueber Montchritiens 'Ecos- saise' (Marburg, 1892) ; Petit de Julleville, Les trufjedies de Montchrestien (Paris, 1891). MONTCLAIR'. A town in Essex County, N. .T., 5 miles north by west of Newark, on the Lackawanna Railroad and the Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is picturesquely situated on the slope of one of the ranges of the Orange Mountains, its highest point having an elevation of about 650 feet, the average elevation being about .300 feet, and is chiefly a residential town, though of some reputation as a summer resort. The heights command a fine view of New York and its harbor. The town has a hospital, two orphan asylums, a public library of 1.3.000 volumes, and the Montclair ililitary Academy. Population, in 1890, 8050; in 1900, 13.962. Until separately incorporated in 1868, !Mont- olair was a part, first of Newark, and then of Bloomfield. Tlie upper section was settled by Dutchmen from llackcnsnck and called Speer- town, the lower by Englishmen from Newark and called successively Cranetown and West Bloom- field. The present name was not adopted until 1865. Consult Harris, An flistorical Sketch of Montclair (ilontclair, 1S81). MONT-DE-MARSAN, nioN-'dr'niar'siiN'. Cap- ital of the Department of Landcs, Southwestern Trance, situated on the Midouze River, 64 miles south of Bordeaux (Map: France, F 8). It has a nornuil school, a library, and a lycfe. The chief manufactures are resins, oil, and plaster, which, together with wine and live stock, are the chief exports. Population, in 1901, 8785; of connnune, 11,004. MONTEBELLO, mon'ta-bel'lo. A village in the Province of Pavia, Italy. 12 miles south- southwest of Pavia (ilap: Italy, D 3). There on June 9, 1800, the French luider Laniies de- feated the Austrians. The engagement is some- times called the battle of Casteggio, after a neighboring town. Five years later the victor received the title of Duke of iMontebello. In May, 1859, the Austrians were again defeated here bv the imited armies of the Frencli and the Piedmontcsc. Population, in 1901, 2119. MONTE CARLO, kar'16. A town in the principality of ilonaco (q.v. ), picturesquely situ- ated on a beautiful and isolated elevation rising above a bay of the Mediterranean, a little over one mile northeast of Jlonaco. the ca])ital of the principality (Map: France, 8). The climate is celebrated for its salubrity and mildness. The town is most attractively laid out as a pleasure resort, and its scenic surroundings are celebrated. The Casino, containing the gaming rooms to which Monte Carlo owes its fame, and the principality its welfare, is a splendid building amid beautiful gardens, and contains besides the salles de jeu, a luxuriously appointed salle dcs fetes, a reading room, etc. The chief games played are roulette and trente-et-quarante, with stakes ranging from 1 to 1200 and from 4 to 2400 dollars respec- tively. The gaming tables of ilonte Carlo are pat- ronized by people from all over the world, but are forbidden to the natives of the principality. The town was founded in 1856, and has been used as a gambling resort since its foundation. In 1863 the Casino was leased for fifty years to M. Francois Blanc, after whose death the control of the concern passed to the Socicte Anoni/me des Bains de Mer et Cercle des Etrangers, capitalized at 30,000,000 francs. The company besides pay- ing the Prince an annual rent of .$340,000, pays the expenditure of the Government, maintains the charitable and religious institutions of the prin- cipality, takes care of the palace grounds, etc. The magnitude of the operations of the company may be jvidged from the fact that according to the budget for 1896-97 the expenditures for that season amounted to .$4,061,580, of which $633,100 were spent on the maintenance of the Court and the principality, $3,360,300 on the management of the Casino and its adjuncts, and $170,450 on press subvention. The town had, in 1890, 3794 inhabitants, who depend for a living on the patrons of the Casino. MONTE CASSINO, kas-se'nS. A monastery situated on a hill overlooking Cassino (q.v.) in the Province of Ca.serta. Italy, 45 miles northwest of Naples (Map: Italy, H 6). It was founded by Saint Benedict about 529 on the site of a temple of A])ollo. and was the original home of the Bene- dictine Order. It underwent various vicissitudes, and the ]iresent buildings were erected from 1637 to 1727 on the foundations of several pre- decessors; they are remarkable for their noldo architecture, internal appointments, and beauti- ful situation. The library and archives are his- torically famous. In 1866 the monastery was enrolled as a "national monument.' Consult: