Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/827

* MONTAGNAIS. 743 W' MONTAGNAIS, inrix'ta'iiyji' (Fr., mountain- eers). A name applied to two American In- dian tribal groups. ( 1 ) A group of closely cog- nate Algonquiaii tribes in Quebec Province and Labrador, Canada, extending along tbe ncjrtliern sliore of the Saint Lawrence River from near the entrance of the Saint JIauriee nearly to the (iulf and inland to the nuiin divide. They have great- ly decreased in number from sickness and star- vation resulting from the destruction of their former game supply. No separate census is kept, as they are officially grouped with the Nascopi, Tetes-de-Boule, and other tribes and bands. So far as can be learned from the reports, they ap- pear to make tbeir principal living by hunting, fishing, making bark canoes, snowshoes, and moc- casins, and acting as guides to tourists. (2) A name somewhat loosely applied to cer- tain Athapascan tribes, more particularly the C'hippewyan, in the mountain region stretching from the Churchill River northward to the Great Slave Lake, including also the eounti-y about Caribou, Hatchet, and Athabasca lakes in British America. They have all been Chris- tianized by Catholic missionaries. MONTAGNANA, mOn'ta-nya'na. A town in the Province of Padua, Italy, 22 miles southwest of Padua (Map: Italy, F"2). It is still sur- rounded by walls and towers, and has a. Gothic cathedral and a palace with paintings. Its chief trade is in spun silk, wool, hemp, and coarse cot- ton textures. Population (commune), in 1881, 0041; in KlOl, 10,.304. MONTAGNARDS, moN'ta'nyiir' (Fr., moun- taineers). The name first ap])lied in France in 1700 to the Revolutionary members of the Nation- al Assembly, who occupied the high seats in the rear of the amphitheatre where the Assembly met. In the Convention (q.v. ) it was applied to the entire Radical Left, composed of .lacobins (q.v.) and Cordeliers (q.v.), in distinction from the Girondists (q.v.), who occupied the lower seats in the hall. The history of the Convention till .Tune. 170,3, is almost entirely the history of the .struggle between the Ciironde and the Moun- tain. The former, comprising the philosophers, statesmen, orators, scientists, and men of letters in the Convention, were republicans at heart, but were not ready to go to extremes. The Mointain was made up of men of less renown, but men of action, earnest and uncompromising. T^pon the question of Louis XVI.'s fate the issue between the two parties was practically fought out. Then, as in the crisis brought on by foreign invasion and internal disorder, the Girondists sluiwed themselves irresolute. The Montagnards in coiidenuiing the King challenged all Europe, took the guidance of the Revolution into their own hands, and some time after (,Tune 2, 170,3) destroyed all opposition by arresting the leaders of the Gironde and sending them to the guillo- tine. The subsequent acts of the Convention were the acts of the Montagnards. under their leaders Panton. Marat, Robespierre, and Collot d'TTer- bois. In 1848 the Radicals under Louis Blanc and Ledru Eollin called themselves Montagnards. See Fke.ncii Revolution. MONTAGU, mtin'tagu or mon'-, Basil ( I77II-1S.51 ). A British lawyer and author, n.itural son of .John Jfontagu, fourth Earl of Sandv.ich. He was educated at the Charter- house and at Christ's College, Cambridge. In MONTAGU. 1705 he went to London, where he studied for the bar, to which he was admitted three years laler, and soon afterwards he began to publish works dealing with legal subjects. He interested him- self particularly in relieving the conditions of the debtor class, and succeeded in securing the aboli- tion of the death penalty for certain crimes. Among his writings are: An IJnquiry RcHpccling the Mode of Issuiiii/ ('oiiDiiissionn in Bankruptcy (1810) ; An Bn<juirj/ HcKjiccting the Expediency of Limiting the ('reditor's Poicer to Refuse a Bankrupt's Certificate (1800); The Opinions of Different Authors Upon the Punishment of Death (1800); and h'nquiries Respecting the Insolvent Debtors' Bill, with the Opinions of Dr. I'aleij, Mr. Burke, and Dr. Johnson ipon Iniprisonnient for Debt (1810). His edition of Bacon's works oc- casioned Macaulay's well-known essay in the Edinburgh Review (1837). MONTAGU, Charles, first Earl of Halifax. An Englisli poet and statesman. See Halif.x, Charles iloxxAGU, Eakl of. MONTAGU, Edward, first Earl of Sandwich. See Sandwich. MONTAGU, Elizabeth (Robin.sox) (1720- 1800). An English writer and societ.y leader, born at York. In 1742 she married Edward Mon- tagu, grandson of the first Earl of Sandwich, who on his death left her a large fortune. With abundance of wealth and possessing literaiy tal- ent, she became a leader in London society, and numbered among her regular visitors Lord Lj't- tleton, Horace Walpole, Dr. .Johnson, Burke, Garrick, and Sir Joshua Reynolds. The epithet of 'blue stocking' was first applied to her gather- ings. According to one explanation, the ladies at Mrs. Montagu's parties wore 'blue stockings as a distinction.' in imitation of a fashionable French visitor, Madame de Polignae. In 1760 she wrote three Dialogues of the Dead, published in Jjord Lyttleton's work by that name, and in I7G0 an Es.say on the Writings and Genius of t'thakespeare. Compared with the Greek and French Dramatic Poets, that received high praise. Her correspondence', in great part, was published in 1800-13. Consult also Doran, A Lady of the Last Century (London, 1873). MONTAGU, John, fourth Earl of Sandwich. See Sandwich. MONTAGU, Lady Mart Wortlet (IfiSO- 1762). An English poet and letter- writer, eld- est daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont (afterwards Duke of Kingston). She was baptized in London, May 2G, 1680. From her brother's tutor or by herself she learned Latin, and read widely in English drama and romance. When a mere girl she was toasted b.y her father at the Kit-Cat Club, and on her apjiearing there was admitted a member by acclamation. Xyithout the approval of her family .she privately married ( .ugust 12, 1712) Edward Wortlev Jlontagu, ii Whig mem- ber of Parliament, with whom she lived for a time in retirement. On the aci'cssion of Cieorge I. she went to London with her husband. There her beauty and wit attracted unusual attention at Court, and she was much admired by the wits, especially by Pope. Tn 1716 appeared sur- reptitiously her Court Poems, afterwards called Town Eclogues. The same .year she set out with her luisband on his embassv to Constantinople. At Adrianople she became interested in inocula- tion for smallpox (1717), and on her return in-