Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/826

* MONSTROSITY. 742 MONTAGNA. ments. Malfonnatioii.-. of the licad arc classified under the next three f;roups — (4) cxeiieephalus, (")) pseiidencephaliis. and (0) imencephalus. In group (4) a malformed brain exists, situated in part at least within a cranial cavity of which the walls are imperfect. In group (5) the eranium is even more rudimentary and the brain tissue is hut poorly represented, while in the anencephalus the true nerve elements are wholly lacking in the mass of tissue lying within the shallow and imperfect cranial cavitv. These brainless monsters are almost always feminine. In ( 7 ) the cyclocephali the eyes approach the mid line and more or less elosely vniite. These organs are poorly developed or rudimentary, and the nose is atrophied, although in certain in- stances a hypertrophicd (iroboscis may arise from above the fused sockets. The lower jaw is poorly developed or wanting in (8) the octoeeph- alic, ani;ilr monsters are embryos de- pendent on other embryos ithin the womb for their own imperfect development. The primary ftt'tus is usually well formed, and supplies both itself and the parasite with blood by means of an extensive anastomosis of placental and um- bilical vessels. When the heart is present in omphalosites it is incomplete. The circulation is sluggish, and an overgrowth of connective tissue results with the fonuation of lacuna- and cysts and frequently marked oedema. The highest development of these monsters is reaehe<l in the paracejjhalus. In this anomaly the extremities arc more or Ic^s definitely present, the head hns an imperfect cranium and imperfect face, the cerv'ical verte- brae are rudimentary, the dia])hragm is defec- tive, and the lungs are absent or else incom- plete. There is of course no sign of life in these forms after birtli. CoMi'O.siTE MoNSTKiis embrace all forms, in which there is a reduplication of the principal parts of the body. There may be two distinct faces and heads closely fused together, or the duplicity may be only slightly suggested (Dipro- sopus). In other cases ( Diccpliahis) the heads may be quite distinct, and even the upper parts of the body are double, with three or four arms present. The internal organs are duplicated ac- cording to the amount of division. Although specimens of this group are .seldom born alive, and still more rarely live, yet we have a well- marked instance of this class recorded in the case of the TcK-ci brothers (1,S77). who grew up and thrived for many years. In the third class ( Ischiopagus) two separate distinct bodies are present which are joined by the coccygeal ami sacral bones. Only one ease is recorded which lived beyond the third year. The Pyopagi arc very rare. In these two separate bodies are so joined together in the sacral region that the two individuals stand back to back. The Dipygi are eases which show a reduplicalion of the pelvis, of the genitals, and of the extremities. If four legs are present they are not all equally well devel- oper!, but the two inner legs are much smaller. This division of the body from Wdow may be carried still further (Synceplialiis) : and if the union is simply conlined to the heads, these speci- mens are included in the Craniopagus. In some instances the reduplication is almost complete, and the union is comparatively slight, occurring at some point between the umbilicus and the lower thorax. The most famous case is that of the isiamese twins, wlio livetl to be si.xty- three years old. In February, 1902, the Hindu twins Kodica and Uoodica. who had been joined in a fashion similar to the Siamese twins, were divided liy operation in Paris, France. Kodica survived. Iiut licr sister died of tuberculosis. Doiiu.K P.VRAsrnc Monsters. In this class a more or less perfectly formed body is attached to a well-formed individual, but it has no sepa- rate existence, receiving its nourishment wholly from the other. Tbiple Monsteks are rare, and we know of but one case of a tlircc-headed child — that recorded by Saint Hilairc. Iioru in 18.32 in Catania. Con- sult: Saint Hilaire. Ilistoirc dcs hikjiikiUcs de rorganisalion (Paris, 1832-30) ; llirse and Pier- sol, Unman Moiistrusilivs ( Philadelpliia, 1801); Fitch, "Hermaphroditism," in Nciv orl; Medical Jouniiit (.November 22, 1890). MONSTROSITY. A botanical term applied to a ])cciiliar or unusual form of an organ or of the whole liody : better designated by the term malformation (q.v.). MONT, MENT, or MENTU. An Egyptian deity, originally llie l(K-al god of Heniiontliis (<l.v. ), where he had an ancient temple. His chief characteristics were strength and valor, and 'strong as Mont' and "brave as Mont' were favorite ejiithets of the Eg'yjitian kings. I'nder the New Kmpire. Mont became the national god of war, who fcmght for the armies of Egypt and gave might and victory to the King. In inscrip- tions of this period he is styled 'Lord of Thebes, dwelling in Hermoiithis." In the later theo- logical system he was identified with the sun- god under the name of Mont-He. itii the de- cline of Thebes and the rise of Hcrinonthis to supremacy over the surrounding district, Mont gained correspondingly in importance. and usurped in some measure the devotion formerly paid to Anion. JIagnifiecnt temples were dedicated to him at Karnak and at ^Icilamut. near Thebes, by the Pharaohs of the eighteenth dynasty: and at Tud, the ancient Tupliium, arc the remains of a small temple of the god built in Ptolemaic times. Mont is usually reiuesenled as a hawk- headed deity wearing upon his head the solar disk and two tall plumes. At his ancient seat of worship. Ilermontliis. his sacred animal was the bull P.akh. calleil Hacis by the Greeks. Consult Wiedcinanii. I'lliiiion of the Ancient Egyptians (Xi'W Vi.rk. I80f). MONTAGNA, moiitji'nya. B.utoi,(immko (e.l4.') l.'rj;;i. . Italian jiainter. boni at <)r- zinuovi (near lircscia I . He is tlmuglil to have been a pupil of Andrea .Maiitegna at I'adiia; per- haps studied also under Hallini and Carpaccio; was active about I4S at 'iceiiza. and subse- quently in Bassano, Verona, and Padua. His works are rather severe in design and sharply drawn, and ample in color after the manner of the earlier Venetians. They incliule such ex- amples as the frescoes illustrating the life of Saint Hlasius (in the Church of San Xazaro at Verona). "Madonna Entiironcd with Three Saints ami Bernardino da Feltre" (Merlin .Mu- seum), and "Ecce Homo" ( l.ouvre. Paris). Others are in the 'cnice .Xcademy, the National (hillcrv, London, and churches in 'iccnza.