Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/823

* MONROE DOCTRINE. 739 MONSIEUR. boiindary disjiute in 1895, are the notable exam- ples of such recognition. Xotwithstamling the ]irotests of the L'nited States Government, (hiring the progress of the Civil War, the French hail secured a foiitliold in Jlexieo and attempted to install Maximilian, an Aistrian jirince. on the .Mexican llirunc. With the concUision of peace a formal demand for withdrawal was made, and General Sherman was sent to the Mexican frontier with a large force. After some delaj' in negotia- tions the French Emperor withdrew his troops, and Jlaximilian was left to hir fate. In the Venezuelan affair, representations having been made by our Government that the action of Great Britain was a violation of the ilonroe Doctrine, the latter yielded to the suggestion of the United States and consented to an arbitration, thus effecting an amicable settlement. The Monroe Doctrine is Sometimes held to com- mit the United States to a protectorate over other American States, requiring this country to espouse their quarrels though unable to con- trol their actions. It has never been within its intent to forbid European nations to cmploj' force in the settlement of their just demands upon this continent. In 1842 Great Britain blockaded San Juan de Nicaragua, and in 18.51 laid an em- bargo on the entire western coast of Salvador, and in 1903 the combined German and English fleets maintained a blockade of the Venezuelan coast to secure the collection of their claims for indemnity. The requirements of the ilonroe Doc- trine as a national policy were fully met with the assurance to the United States of good faith on the part of the Powers concerned and that no Venezuelan territory would be taken in settle- ment of the indemnity. While the building of an interoceanic canal and the position which the United States has had as a world power since the close of the war with Spain have rendered the jiroblem attending the application of the doctrine more complex, the increased respect which it has insured our demands has greatly decreased the difficulties of its enforcement. For modern aspects of the Monroe Doctrine, consult: J. B. Moore, Political ficience Quar- terly, vol. ii., p. 1 ; T. S. Woolsey, Forum, vol. XX., p. 705; H. C. Lodge. Xorth Amrrican Review, vol. clx., p. 651; .Tiihn W". Burgess, Po- litical Hcience Quarterl;/, vol. ii., p. 44. Consult also: Reddaway, The Monroe Doctrine (Cam- bridge. 1898); and authorities cited imder In- TERNATinXAI. UaW. MONRO'VIA. The capital of the negro Re- luiblie of Liberia. West Africa, situated at the lunuth of the Saint Paul River, on the coast (Map: Africa, C 4). It has an unhealthful climate. Its exports are palm oil and kernels, dycwonds. and rubber. Population, about .5000. MONS, mo?CR. The capital of the Province of Hainanlt, Belgium, situated on the Tronillo. about .35 miles southwest of Brussels (Map: Bel- gium. B 4). It was formerly encircled by a line of fortifications. Their site is now occupied by promenades. The most interesting building in jlons is the late-Gothic Cathedral of Saint Val- tnidis (1450-15S0), having a well-proportioned interior decorated with reliefs and stained-glass ^vindows. The Hotel de Ville is a late-Gothic building of the fifteenth century, with a facade adorned ^vit!l statuettes and a baroque tower. The educational institutions comprise a normal school, a seminary for teachers, a fine library, and an archaeological museum and picture gal- lery. ' Mons lies in one of the most important coal-mining districts of Belgium, known as Bo- rinage. and manufactures woolen and cotton goods and iron products. The trade, mostly in grain and coal, is facilitated by the Canal de Conde, which connects Mons with the Scheldt. Mons is believed to occupy the site of a Roman castrum built by Julius CiEsar. It attained some importance in the iliddle Ages, and owed not a little of its prosperity to Baldwin VI., Count of Flanders, later Emperor of Constantinople, from whom it received a charter in 1200. It was repeatedly taken bv contending forces during the wars of Louis XIV. Population, in 1900, 25,483. MONS, or Talaing. The inhabitants of the unhealthy delta regions of the rivers Irrawaddy,- Sittong, and Salwen in Indo-China. They con- sider themselves the aborigines of the whole of Lower Burma. Their former habitat is now largely occupied by Burmese-ilon half-breeds. They are probably one of the eight groups of aborigines of Indo-China. Their language, which is of the monos3'llabic type, seems to belong ia the same class with the Khmer, and perhaps the Khasia. MONSEIGNETJR, mox'sa'nyOr' (Fr., my lord, plural iiicsseigncurs)'. Originally a French title applicable to royal or Imperial princes,, cardinals, archbishops, and bishops of France, and accorded in courtesy to the high ollicers of government and persons generally of high rank. The title was not applied to bishops until about the close of the seventeenth centurj', when they acquired it by concerted action in addressing each other in that waj'. Their title previously was simply monsieur. A law of the French Con- vention in 1801 interdicted the use of the title for bishops and archbishops, and required them to confine their signature titles and their ad- dresses to each other to the words citoyen or monsieur. Among English-speaking Roman Catholics the title is applied in its Italian form, monsiynore, not only to bishops, but to priests- who are distinguished by the honorary appoint- ment as domestic prelates to the Pope. MON'SELL, Jon.N- Samuel Bewley (1811- 75). .V Church of England divine and hymn- writer. He was born in Londonderry, Ireland, March 2. 1811; graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, B.A.. 1832. He was ordained priest 1835, and died as rector of Guildford, England, April 9, 1875. He was a popular hymn writer; Julian's Dictionary of Hymnoloyy gives a list of seventy-three of his hymns which are in cur- rent use. One of his prose works. Our 'New Vicar (lS(i7; 13th ed. 1890), has had a large sale. MONSERRAT, mon'ser-riit'. A mountain in Spain. Sec iloxTSERRAT. MONSIEUR, me-sye'. A French title former- ly addressed to persons of medium rank ; now universally employed in French by all gentlemen in addressing each other. It is also used as a prefix to titles of rank, and as a form of respect in mentioning a third person. In the Middle Ages the title was given to saints, and as a pre- fix to the names of popes and of members of the royal family when alluded to in the third person. Later Monsieur, used without a proper name,, was the special title of the oldest brother of the French King.